1111

Basic 100 Important Points for Civil Site Engineers & Supervisors 

 2021-06-03 civilsitevisit 0 Comments 

1.Minimum diameter of bars used in slab = 8mm. 

2. Minimum diameter of bars used in column = 12mm.

 3. Minimum number of bars used in square or rectangular column = 4 bars.

 4. In Cantilever Beam Tension Zone is Up & compression zone is Below where as in simply supported Beam Compression Zone is above & Tension is Below 

5.Lapping is not allowed for the bars having diameters more than 36 mm. 

6. Chair spacing maximum spacing is 1.00 m (or) 1 No per 1m2.

 7. For dowels rod minimum of 12 mm diameter should be used.

 8. Chairs minimum of 12 mm diameter bars to be used. 

9. Longitudinal reinforcement not less than 0.8% and more than 6% of gross C/S. 

10. Minimum bars for square column is 4 No’s and 6 No’s for circular column. 

11. Main bars in the slabs shall not be less than 8 mm (HYSD) or 10 mm (Plain bars) and the distributors not less than 8 mm and not more than 1/8 of slab thickness. 

12. Minimum thickness of slab is 125 mm. 

13. Dimension tolerance for cubes + 2 mm. 

14. Density of Construction Material Material Density Bricks 1600 – 1920 kg/m3 Concrete block 1920 kg/ m3 Reinforced concrete 2310 – 2700 kg/ m3 

 15. Maximum diameter of bars used in slab = 1/8 × thickness of slab. 

16. Free fall of concrete is allowed maximum to 1.50m. 

17. Water absorption of bricks should not be more than 15 %. 

18. PH value of the water should not be less than 6. 

19. Compressive strength of Bricks is 3.5 N / mm2. 

20. In steel reinforcement binding wire required is 8 kg per MT. 

21. In soil filling as per IS code, 3 samples should be taken for core cutting test for every 100m2. 

22. Samples from fresh concrete shall be taken and at least a set of 6 cubes of 150mm shall be prepared and cured. 3 Cubes each at 7 days and 28 days shall be tested for compressive strength. The test results should be submitted to engineer for approval. If results are unsatisfactory necessary action/rectification/remedial measures has to be exercised.

 23. Water used for both mixing and curing shall be clean and free from injurious amounts of oils, acids, alkali, salts, sugar and organic materials or other substances that may be deleterious to concrete or steel. The PH. shall be generally between 6 and 8.

 24. Lap length for M20 concrete: Columns – 45d Beams – 60d Slabs – 60d

 25. Standard size of brick = 190mm×90mm×90 mm = 19cm×9cm×9cm.

 26. A good brick clay contains 20 to 30% of alumina, 50 to 60% of silica and the remaining constituents are Lime, Magnesia, Sodium, Potassium, Manganese and iron oxide.

 27. Colour of good brick is deep red, cherry or copper coloured.

 28. Compressive strength of bricks is 3.5 N/mm2. 

29. Ordinary Portland cement consists of 62 to 67% of Lime.

 30. The initial setting time of ordinary portland cement should not be less than 30 minutes.

 31. The final setting time of ordinary portland cement should not be more than 10 hours. 

32. Initial and Final setting time of cement is determined by Vicat’s apparatus.

 46. The normal consistency of portland cement is about 25%.

 47. When concrete is to be laid under water, Quick setting cement is used.

 48. Maximum free fall of concrete allowed to 1.50m.

 49. Curing time of RCC Members for different types of cement Super Sulphate cement: 7 days Ordinary Portland cement OPC: 10 days Minerals & Admixture added cement: 14 days

 50. Deshuttering Period of RCC member RCC Member De-shuttering time For columns, walls, vertical form works 16-24 hrs. Soffit formwork to slabs 3 days (props to be refixed after removal) Soffit to beams props 7 days (props to refixed after removal) Beams spanning upto 4.5m 7 days Beams spanning over 4.5m 14 days Arches spanning up to 6m 14 days Arches spanning over 6m 21 days 

 51. Test On Fresh Concrete (a). Slump Test – Workability. (b). Compacting Factor. (c). Vee-Bee Test. 52. Test On Hardened Concrete (a). Rebound (Schmidt) Hammer Test. (b). Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Test. 

 53. The excess of silica in the clay makes the brick brittle and weak.

 54. Process of manufacturing of bricks consists of Preparation of brick clay, Moulding bricks, Drying of bricks and Burning of bricks. 55. Moulding of bricks may be hand moulding or machine moulding. 56 .The burning of dry bricks is done either in clamp or in a kiln.

 57. The ingredients of ordinary cements are Lime, Silica, Alumina, Calcium sulphate, Iron oxide, Magnesia, Sulphur & Alkali’s. 

58. Ordinary Portland cement consists of 62 to 67% of Lime.

 59.Slump Range of concrete Concrete Mixes Slump range in mm Columns, Retaining walls 75-150 mm Beams & Slabs 50-100 mm CC Pavements 20-30 mm Decks of bridge 30-75 mm Vibrated Concrete 12-25 mm Huge Mass constructions 25-50 mm 

 60. Electrical conduits shall not run in column.

 61. Earth work excavation for basement above 3 m should be stepped form.

 62. Any back filling shall be compacted 95% of dry density at the optimum moisture content and in layers not more than 200 mm for filling above structure and 300 mm for no structure.

 63. soling is specified the soling stones shall be laid at 45° to 60° inclination (and not vertical) with interstices filled with sand.

 64. A set of cube tests shall be carried out for each 30 cum of concrete / each levels of casting / each batch of cement. 

65. Water cement ratio for different grades of concrete shall not exceed 0.45 for M20 and above and 0.50 For M10 / M15. 

66. For concrete grades M20 and above approved admixture shall be used as per mix design requirements.

 67.Cement shall be stored in dry places on a raised platform about 200mm above floor level and 300mm away from walls. Bags to be stacked not more than 10 bags high in such a manner that it is adequately protected from moisture and contamination.

 68. Cube Quantity Quantity of Concrete No. of cubes required 1 – 5 m3 1 No’s 6 0 15 m3 2 No’s 16 – 30 m3 3 No’s 31 – 50 m3 4 No’s Above 50 m3 4 + 1 No’s of addition of each 50 m3 

 69. Height of window = 2.1m. 70. Minimum thickness of lintel = 15cm 71. 1 bag of cement = 1.25 cubit feet = 0.0347 cubic meter. 

72. No. of cement bags in 1m^3 = 28.8 bags.

 73.Civil Site Engineer Responsibilities on Construction Site: The Following are some important duties and responsibilities of civil site engineer has to done on construction site. Interpretation of Drawing Preparing Bar Bending Schedule Allotting Work to Labors Supervision of Construction Work Preparing Schedule of Material Used and Available Plotting Line – Level on Construction Site Preparing Work Chart Schedule Checking Steel Work of Slab, Beam, & Column Before Concreting Supervision Of The Curing Process Supervision Of The Curing Process Keeping Note of Each and Every Casting Work Much Other Work 

74.What Is BoQ? BoQ means bill of quanity is a document prepared by a cost estimator to calculate the exact costing of project work by multiplying item work by their rate. It is the most important document for tendering and contracting. Bill of quantity gives an idea about the cost of a project that is tendering firm willing to offer.

 75.Top Civil Engineering Software AutoCAD SAP 2000 Staad Pro ETABS Primavera Revit ARCGIS for Surveying 3DS Max – Modeling MX Road – Road Design and Analysis Google Sketch UP StormCAD ( storm sewer design ) WaterCAD ( is a software extensively utilized for hydraulic and water quality modeling applications ) Microsoft Project (MS Project) Easy-Pro Builders Estimator STACK Takeoff & Estimating Software

 76.Pcc-profile corrective course also

 77. curing -protecting the freshly concreted surface from water evaporation.

 78. scaffolding -supporting system for form work. 

79. Ponding-keeping water over a fresh floor etc. 80.splicing-giving lap to steel for further heights. 

81. Casting- concreting 82. Admixture- chemicals used for accelerating or reducing water content for workability of concrete. 83. schedule-of bar bending or work 84. Dressing-cutting and make plain the earth’s surface for placing pccaggregate – sand or metal. 85. Reinforement-steel used for rcc. 86. Masonry-constructing brick,block and stone walls. 87. mortar-cement and sand mix. 88.Sealant : A flexible, rubbery type of material that is used to seal gaps in a joint. 89.Drywall: A panel made from gypsum plaster that is wrapped in cardboard. It is commonly used as a fundamental material for framing a building. 90.Skirting: Material that covers up the joint between the floor and a wall in the interior of a building, for aesthetic purposes. 91.Monocrete Construction: A construction method that uses precast concrete panels which are bolted together to make concrete structures. 92.Weight of Bar is calculated using formula D2/162 (D = Dia of bar in mm) 93. The No. of Bricks required for 1m3 of Brick masonry are 550 bricks. 94.What is the Validity of use of Cement? It is 3 months from Manufacturing 95.What is Segregation of Concrete? and why its caused? The separation of sand, cement, aggregates in concrete is called Separation of Concrete. Its caused due to improper water cement ratio. Also caused for poured above 1.5 height. 96.Calculations for no of stirrup in a abeam? Clear Span/ c/c Spacing+1 97.What is the angle of staircase flight? It is between 25 degree to 40 degree. 98.How much bricks need for 115 mm thick brick work? 56 nos / Sqm 99.How much bars should be lapped in a bar bending zone? Not more than 50% 100.What is the minimum Hook length for bars? It is 9D. (D-is dia of bar) Top 150 Civil Engineer Interview questions asked in Top Companies { Must Read } 2020-09-25 civilsitevisit What Do You Understand by M25 Concrete? According to IS 456 : 2000, M refers Mix and 25 refers the characteristic compressive. Strength of concrete cube of 150mmX150mmX150 mm tested at the end of 28 days should be minimum 25 N/Sq.mm 2. What is the maximum allowable fresh concrete temperature until used as per ASTM ? 32 OC 3. what are the skills required to become an architect ? Conceptual understanding of designing models Basic knowledge of computer and architect related software programs Designing 3D models Engineering ability Business aptitude Legal knowledge 4. What is guniting ? It is a process in which mixture of cement & sand in proportion of 1:3 is shooted on concrete surface with the help of cement gun under pressure of 2 to 3 kg/cm2. It is a highly effective process for repairing concrete walls or damaged surfaces. 5. For filling cracks in masonry structures, the type of bitumen used, is Plastic bitumen 6. What is the bending moment (BM) & Shear force (SF) – Explain. A bending moment is the reaction induced in a structural element when an external force or moment is applied to the element causing the element to bend. The most common or simplest structural element subjected to bending moments is the beam. Shear force is the force in the beam acting perpendicular to its longitudinal (x) axis. For design purposes, the beam’s ability to resist shear force is more important than its ability to resist an axial force. Axial force is the force in the beam acting parallel to the longitudinal axis. 7. For filling cracks in masonry structures, the type of bitumen used, is Plastic bitumen 8. What is the process of covering of concrete placed on the exposed top of an external wall ? Coping 9. A wall constructed to resist the pressure of an earth filling, is known as Retaining wall 10. What is the minimum curing period? IS 456 – 2000 recommends that curing duration of concrete must be at least 7 days in case of Ordinary Portland Cement, at least 10 days for concrete with Mineral admixtures. It also recommends that the curing duration should not be less than 10 days for concrete of OPC exposed to dry and hot weather conditions and 14 days for concrete with mineral admixtures in hot and dry weather. 11. What is the minimum weight of fine aggregate for sieve analysis as per ASTM C136 ? 300 g 12. How many hours should CBR samples be soaked ? 96 Hrs 13. What is a bearing capacity of soil? Bearing capacity is the capacity of soil to support the loads applied to the ground by the foundation of the structure. 14. What do you mean by honeycomb in concrete? Honeycomb, also known as air pocket, is nothing but the air voids in concrete. It is usually formed during concrete casting. 15. What field tests are required for quality check of cement? Quality of cement can be checked with color, physical properties, etc. Cement should have grey color with light greenish shade. It should feel smooth when rubbed between fingers. If hand is inserted in a heap of cement or its bags, it should feel cool. When pinch of cement is thrown in Water then cement should float for some time before it sink. Also, it should be lump free. 16. What are the types of cement? There are various types of cement which are: Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), White Portland Cement (WPC), Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC), Low Heat Portland Cement, Coloured Portland Cement, Hydrophobic cement, Rapid Hardening Cement, Portland Slag Cement, Sulphate resisting Portland Cement, etc. 17. what is the difference between built area and super built up area? • Built up area: It includes your carpet area plus area covered by walls, pillars and ducts. It is usually 10% more from the carpet area • Super built up area: It includes your built up area plus the area that you use as building amenities like passage to lift, stairs and lifts, gym, club, etc. 18. What is Water-Cement Ratio and How it is related to the strength of concrete? The water-cement ratio is the ratio of the weight of water to the weight of cement used in a concrete mix. A lower ratio leads to higher strength and durability, but may make the mix difficult to work i.e. low workability of Concrete Mix. Workability can be increased with the use of admixtures. 19. Explain what is Hybrid Foundation? Hybrid Foundation is usually used for high rise building, it contains both soil supported mat and piles. This type of foundation is helpful in reducing the amount of the settlement. 20 . What are the steps involved in the concreting process, explain? Steps In Concreting: Batching: The process of measuring different concrete materials such as cement, coarse aggregate, sand, water for the making of concrete is known as batching. Mixing. Transportation: Compaction. Curing. 21. Explain what is flashing? Flashing is an extended construction that is done to seal and protects joints in a building from water penetration. Flashing is installed at the intersecting roofs, walls and parapets. 22. What is Bursting Reinforcement ? Tensile stresses are induced during prestressing operation and the maximum bursting stress occurs where the stress trajectories are concave towards the line of action of the load. Reinforcement is needed to resist these lateral tensile forces. 23. What are the major problems in using pumping for concreting works? In pumping operation, the force exerted by pumps must overcome the friction between concrete and the pumping pipes, the weight of concrete and the pressure head when placing concrete above the pumps. In fact, as only water is pump-able, it is the water in the concrete that transfers the pressure. The main problems associated with pumping are the effect of segregation and bleeding. To rectify these adverse effects, the proportion of cement is increased to enhance the cohesion in order to reduce segregation and bleeding. On the other hand, a proper selection of aggregate grading helps to improve the pump-ability of concrete. 24. What are the responsibilities of a construction manager? The responsibilities of a construction manager are • Cost Estimates • Pre-purchase of selected materials • Selection of bidders for bidding phase • Analysis of proposals • Construction contract negotiations • Construction Scheduling and Monitoring • Cost control of construction • Construction supervision 25. What is Shear slump ? Shear slump implies that the concrete mix is deficient in cohesion. Consequently, it may undergo segregation and bleeding and thus is undesirable for durability of concrete. 26. Why is concrete weak in tension? Concrete is made up of collection of materials (several aggregate types, cement, pozzolans, water, air…), which are stick together with a cement paste. The “interface” zone is the weakest link in the structure. When compressing, that interface only serves to transfer compressive stresses from one aggregate to the next. That does not require exceptional strength. Under tension, the aggregates are trying to pull away from each other, and the glue is what holds the whole system together. Since it is significantly weaker than the aggregates, it is where the failure starts at much lower stresses. 27. What is grouting? Grout is a fluid form of concrete which is used to fill the voids. 28. What is the recommended slump for column ? 75 to 125 mm 29. The bearing capacity of granite is generally ? 30 to 35 kg/cm 2 30. What are the specifications of tamping rod used in cube filling for cube test ? Ans :- According to the IS code 2386, a 16 mm steel rod with rounded edge 31 .What is the minimum curing period ? IS 456 – 2000 recommends that curing duration of concrete must be at least 7 days in case of Ordinary Portland Cement, at least 10 days for concrete with Mineral admixtures. It also recommends that the curing duration should not be less than 10 days for concrete of OPC exposed to dry and hot weather conditions and 14 days for concrete with mineral admixtures in hot and dry weather. 32. What are the functions of column in a building ? Column is a vertical member in building whose Primary function is to support structural load and transfer it through beams. Upper columns transfers the load to the lower columns and finally to the ground through footings. 33. What are the uses of Groynes ? They prevent, or slow down erosion, and stop the longshore drift. This, however, can have bad knock-on effects somewhere near. 34. What is the initial and final setting time of ideal cement mix? Initial setting time for ideal cement mix is around 30 minutes for almost all kind of cements. For masonry cement it can be 90minutes. Final setting time of ideal cement mix should be 10 hours at max. For masonry cement it shouldn’t exceed 24hours 35. The portion of a brick cut across the width is called Bat 36. What reinforcements are used in the process of prestressing? The major types of reinforcements used in prestressing are: Spalling Reinforcement: The spalling stresses leads to stress behind the loaded area of the anchor blocks. This results in the breaking off of the surface concrete. The most likely causes of such types of stresses are Poisson`s effects strain interoperability or by the stress trajectory shapes. Equilibrium reinforcements: This type of reinforcements are required where several anchorages exist where the prestressing loads are applied in a sequential manner. Bursting Reinforcements: These kinds of stresses occur in cases where the stress trajectories are concave towards the line of action of load. In order to reduce such stresses, reinforcements in the form of bursting are required. 37. What are the common ways of demolition? • Hydro-demolition • Pressure Bursting • Dismantling 38. What are the main reasons for conducting pull-out tests for soil nails? There are mainly four reasons for this test: To check and verify the bond strength between soil and grout adopted during the design of soil nails. This is the main objective of conducting soil nail pull-out test. To determine the bond strength between soil and grout for future design purpose. However, if this target is to be achieved, the test nails should be loaded to determine the ultimate soil/grout bond with an upper limit of 80% of the ultimate tensile strength of steel bars. To check if there is any slippage or creep occurrence. To check the elastic and plastic deformations of test nails. This is observed during the repeated loading and unloading cycles of soil nails. 39. Explain QA&QC ? Quality Assurance (QA): Quality Assurance is a set of activities for ensuring quality in the processes by which works are done. Quality Assurance is the process of managing for quality. Quality Control (QC): Quality Control is a set of activities for ensuring quality in works. The activities focus on identifying defects in the actual products produced. Quality Control is used to verify the quality of the output. 40. What Is The Ratio Of Grades M5, M7.5, M10, M15, M20, M25, M30, M35, M40? M5 – 1:5:10 M7.5 – 1:4:8 M10 – 1:3:6 M15 – 1:2:4 M20 – 1:1.5:3 M25 – 1:1:2 M30, M35, M40 – Design Mix Followed 41. The length of each fish plate is 457.2mm 42. Rail chairs are used to fix Double head rails 43. What is guniting ? It is a process in which mixture of cement & sand in proportion of 1:3 is shooted on concrete surface with the help of cement gun under pressure of 2 to 3 kg/cm2 44. It is a highly effective process for repairing concrete walls or damaged surfaces Flat bearing The main purpose of using bearing plate is to Distribute the pressure over wider area,eliminate the adzing of wooden sleepers,preventing the widening of gauge of curves 45. How would you describe the soundness of cement? Cement soundness can be described as a property which ensures that the cement does not go through any appreciable expansion pr experience any chance in volume once it has been set. This process helps get rid of any possibilities of the mortar or concrete from getting disrupted. 46. Creeping of rails can be checked by using Anchors 47. What Is Rigging ? In sailing, the ropes used to move the sails around so the boat will move in the right direction when the wind blows. 48. What Are The Materials Used In Building A Gravity Dam? There are many gravity dams constructed of compacted earth. High dams are generally concrete. All dams require a spillway to be safe. The spillway must be armored. 49. What made you decide to become a civil engineer? I Decided to become a civil engineer because of my father who is a Math teacher. As a child he shared his great love for solving mathematical equations and other types of puzzles with me. He was always asking me to look outside the box to solve each dilemma. He encouraged me to have a quizzical mind and to always explore not only how something was built but also how it worked. He inspired me to figure out if the design could be improved upon by utilizing a different means.” 50. what The Purpose Of The Gap In The Road On This Bridge? Purpose of the gap in the road is to allow the road to expand and contract with temperature changes without causing damage or deformation to the road 51. On Indian railways , minimum formation width in embankment for a single line of board gauge ,is 6.1m 53. The device used for changing the direction of the engines is called Turn table 54. The device provided to prevent the vehicles from moving beyond the end of rail at terminals is called Buffer stops 55. What Are Moment Of Inertia And Its Importance In Civil Engineering? The moment of inertia measures the opposition any kind of body will have against a certain momentum (along that same axis) trying to rotate that body. 56. The distance between the running edge of the stock and switch rails at the switch heel ,is called Heel clearance 57. What are various tests for checking brick quality? We can use water absorption test, hardness test, shape & size, crushing strength test, soundness test, etc. to check the brick quality. In water absorption test, we dip the brick for 16 hours in water. If weight of brick after dipping in water doesn’t exceed by 20%, it can be considered as first class brick, if below 22.5% it can be considered as second class brick, if below 25% it can be considered as third class brick. In crushing test, it crushing strength should be minimum of 10 N/mm2 for first class brick, 7.5 N/mm2 for second class bricks. In hardness test, we scratch the brick with nails. It should be scratch free. In soundness test we check the metallic sound by striking two bricks with each other 58.The distance between the adjacent faces of the stock rail and the check rail , is called Flange way clearance 59. What is void ratio? Void ratio is the ratio of volume of voids to volume of solids. 60 .Stock rails are fitted Against tongue clearance 61.The switch angle is the angle subtended between the gauge faces of the Stock rail and check 62. Explain what is Critical Path Method (C.P.M)? Critical Path Method is strategy and method of representing the respective tasks and activities involved in the construction through a symbolic diagram. 63. How Do You Determine Specific Gravity Of Cement? Cement is usually purchased as a powdery substance that is mixed with sand, aggregate, gravel, and water to form concrete. Since the cement itself is usually a powder, it is hard to measure a standard value for its specific gravity. In addition, since cement is usually not used by itself, knowing its specific gravity is not Particularly useful. A more useful question is “What is the typical density of concrete?” A rule of thumb answer is that normal cured concrete has a density of about 150 pounds per cubic foot. This includes the weight of the cement, sand, aggregate, and that PArt of the water that chemically binds with the cement to form the concrete. Since water weighs about 62.4 pounds per cubic feet, concrete is about 2.4 times as heavy. Thus, the specific gravity of concrete is about 2.4. If you took cement and mixed it with water, you would eventually have a hard lump of useless cement and it would also have a specific gravity of between 2 and 2.4. 64. The distance between the running face of the stock rail and toe of the tongue rail is known as Throw of switch 65. The maximum value of throw of switch for a broad gauge track is 95mm 66 . In INDIA , the crossing number for passenger turnout is taken as 12 67 .A warner signal ,which is first seen by the driver , is known as Outer signal 68. 69. The reception signal is Outer signal ,home signal 70 .In a shunting signal , if the red band is horizontal , it indicates Proceed What the steps involved in Building Construction? 71. There are different steps involved in Building construction like, Concreting Masonry work Plastering work Flooring work Formwork Steel cutting and Bending 72. How do you measure the volume of concrete? The volume of concrete is calculated by Multiplying its Length, Width, and Thickness together. For Example – 1m x1m x1m = 1 m³ of volume of concrete. 73. Why Concrete Cover is provided to reinforcement? Concrete cover for reinforcement is required to protect the rebar against corrosion and to provide resistance against fire. 74. How to do check level on construction site? I will check the level on construction site by Spirit level, Dumpy Level and Leveling Pipe. 75. What is the accuracy of the dumpy level or minimum reading we can take? With the help of a dumpy level we can take up 5mm accurate reading or minimum reading. 76. How do you calculate the weight of 12m long and 10mm dia. Steel on-site? By multiplying the length of steel bar with its unit weight (unit wt of 10mm = 0.60 kg/m) Weight of steel = 0.60x 12 = 7.2 kg 77. Which is the equation used for calculating unit weight of steel bar? (D²/162) 78. What is the size of a concrete cube? 15 cm x 15 cm x 15 cm 79. What do you do if any concrete cube fails in 28 days compressive strength test? If the concrete cube fails in strength test, I will conduct a core cutter test on concrete and send a report to higher authorities. 80. What is the mix ratio for M – 20 Grade of concrete? 1: 1.5: 3 81. What is the Unit weight of 12 mm Steel Bars. 0.89 kg/m 82. Explain what is floating slab foundation? A floating concrete foundation is a type of mat foundation that consists of the hollow mat formed by a grid of thick reinforced concrete walls between two thick reinforced concrete slabs. 83. What is the Density of Steel? 7850 kg/m³ 84. In Fe – 415 Steel Grade, 415 indicates of Steel. Tensile Strength 85. The height of low kerb ? A kerb is a structure used to separate pavement and median, pavement and shoulder, pavement and footpath. In low kerb height is restricted to 100mm only. 86. What is the Volume of 50 kg bag of cement? 0.035 m³ 87. What are the functions of grout inside tendon ducts? Grout in prestressing works serves the following purposes: 1. Protect the tendon against corrosion. 2. Improve the ultimate capacity of tendon. 3. Provide a bond between the structural member and the tendon. 4. In case of failure, the anchorage is not subject to all strain energy. 88. In Residential Building, Average Value of Stair Width? 900 mm 89. What is the function of shear keys in the design of retaining walls? In determining the external stability of retaining walls, failure modes like bearing failure, sliding and overturning are normally considered in design. In considering the criterion of sliding, the sliding resistance of retaining walls is derived from the base friction between the wall base and the foundation soils. To increase the sliding resistance of retaining walls, other than providing a large self-weight or a large retained soil mass, shear keys are to be installed at the wall base. 90. he Slope of Stair Should not Exceed. 25- 40º 91. What are the major problems in using pumping for concreting works? In pumping operation, the force exerted by pumps must overcome the friction between concrete and the pumping pipes, the weight of concrete and the pressure head when placing concrete above the pumps. In fact, as only water is pumpable, it is the water in the concrete that transfers the pressure. The main problems associated with pumping are the effect of segregation and bleeding. To rectify these adverse effects, the proportion of cement is increased to enhance the cohesion in order to reduce segregation and bleeding. On the other hand, a proper selection of aggregate grading helps to improve the pumpability of concrete. 92. Minimum diameter of steel in Column. 12 mm 93. What are the disadvantages of curing by ponding and polythene sheets? The purpose of curing is to reduce the rate of heat loss of freshly placed concrete to the atmosphere and to minimize the temperature gradient across concrete cross section. Moreover, curing serves to reduce of the loss water from freshly placed concrete to the atmosphere. Ponding: This method of thermal curing is readily affected by weather condition (cold wind). Moreover, a large amount of water used has to be disposed off the construction sites after curing. Polythene sheet: This method of curing is based on the principle that there is no flow of air over the concrete surface and thereby no evaporation can take place on top of the freshly concreted surface by provision of polythene sheets. However, it suffers from the demerit that polythene sheets can be easily blown off in windy condition and the performance of curing would be affected. Moreover, for water lost due to self-desiccation, this method cannot replenish these losses. 94. Standard Size of Brick? 19 cm x 9 cm x 9 cm 95. What is Unit Weight of RCC? 2500 kg/ m³ 96. Explain what are the problems one might face while having a Cantilever balcony? Cantilever balcony are usually unsupported and extend outwards, so the problem with Cantilever balconies are • Excess deflection or bounce • Weakness of the deck structure • Rot and water damage to the interior of the house • Unevenness inside the house • Can’t use the balcony for gardening or other purposes as it is not designed to lift excess amount of weight 97. One Acre = Sq. ft. 43560 Sq. ft. 98. What is the Full Form of UTM? Universal Testing Machine 99. What do you understand by segregation? Segregation is defined as a process of filtering cement & sand separately from the concrete mixture. In other words, segregation is caused due to vibration between materials forming a concrete. One material being high in weight & one being less tend to be uneven while in a liquid state. The heavier material gets settled at the bottom of the concrete & lighter material moves on top. 100. Cement Expire After? 3 month 101. What is the IS code for Plain and Reinforced Concrete IS :456 102. One square meter = Sq. ft? 10.76 Sq. ft 103. What are the standard American codes for steel and concrete ACI and AISC 104. What is the code of practice for General Construction in steel IS :800 105. What is unit weight of 25 mm Steel Bars 3.85 kg/m 106 . One Hectare = _______Acres 2.47 Acres 107. One Gallon = Liters 3.78Liters 108 . Which type of cement is used is construction of massive Dam structures Low heat cement 109. One kilonewton is equal to kilograms 101.97 KG 110. For Steel structures what is permissible vertical deflection Span / 325 111. One Tonne is equal to kilograms 1000 KG 112. Maximum Free fall of concrete allowed is ? 1.5 m 113. Instrument used for level work on a construction site? Dumpy Level 114. What is the minimum reinforcement in beams Ast/b*d = 0.85/ fy 115. What is the maximum reinforcement in beams 0.04*b*d 116. What is the minimum reinforcement in slabs 0.12 % of gross area 117. What is the minimum reinforcement in columns 0. 8% of area 118. What is the maximum reinforcement in columns 4% 119. Minimum Bars in Circular Column Should be_______ 6 Nos. 120. What is the Full Form of AAC? Autoclaved Aerated Concrete 121. What is the Full Form of NDT? Non – Destructive Test 122. What is the Full Form of JCB? Joseph Cyril Bamford 123. Which Test is conducted to determine the bearing capacity of Soil? Plate Load Test 124. Ring and ball test is conducted on which construction material? Bitumen 125. Where is the section for bending considered At the face of column 126. What is the maximum no of steps in a flight 12 127. What are various limit states of strength Flexure, Compression, shear and torsion 128. Minimum hook length as per IS Code? 75 mm 129. What is the extra length in Bent up bars? 0.45 X D 130. What is Least Count of Dumpy? 5mm 131. What is Full of EGL? Existing ground level. 132. A First Class Brick Should Absorb Water More than? 20 % 133. What are the minimum no of bars to be provided in rectangular column 4 134 .What are minimum no of bars to be provided in circular column 6 135. What are various losses in prestressing 1 Elastic deformation of concrete 2 Shrinkage of concrete 3 Creep of concrete 4 Relaxation of stress in steel 136. Vicats apparatus is used for Consistency test 137. Le chatliers apparatus is used for Soundness test 138. Number of Bricks used in 1 Cubic meter of Brickwork? 500 Nos. 139. The Normal Consistency of Portland Cement? 25 % 140. The Expansion in Portland cement is tested by… Soundness Test 141. What is shear center in steel beam It is point or axis through which load acts 142. What is Strut Struct is a compression member 143. What is Modular ratio It is the ratio of Modulus of elasticity of steel to Modulus of elasticity of concrete 144. What is the minimum diameter of bar used in column 12 145. What are bearing piles Bearing piles transfer the loads to the hard strata 146. What are friction Piles Friction piles transfer the loads by friction between surface of pile and soil. 147. According to IS Code, Full Strength of Concrete is achieved after? 28 Days 148. What is the Volume of 1 bag of cement? 0.035 m³ 149. Minimum Grade of Concrete Used For RCC? M – 20 149. What is the slenderness limit for column Less than 12 , it is short column More than 12 , it is Long column 150. What is the initial and final setting time for cement? Initial: Less than 30 min and 600 min. 150. Le chatliers apparatus is used for Soundness test Top 100 Civil Engineering Interview Questions ( General Notes ) 2020-10-10 civilsitevisit · Electrical conduits shall not run in column · Earth work excavation for basement above 3 m Should be stepped form · Any Back filling shall be compacted 95% of dry density at the optimum moisture content and in layers not more than 200mm for filling above structure and 300 mm for no structure · F SOLING IS SPECIFIED THE SOLING STONES SHALL BE LAID AT45° TO 60° INCLINATION (AND NOT VERTICAL) WITH INTERSTICES FILLED WITH SAND OR MOORUM. · Y REPRESENTS TOR STEEL GRADE – Fe-415 OF IS:1786. WITH CHARECTERISTIC YIELD STRENGTH OF 415 N/MM MINIMUM. · ∅ REPRESENTS MILD STEEL GRADE – 1 OF IS:432 (PART-1) · ALL REINFORCEMENT SHALL BE FREE FROM MILL SCALES, LOOSE RUST & COATS OF PAINTS, OIL OR ANY OTHER SUBSTANCES. · BY PROVIDING PROPER COVER BLOCKS, SPACERS, CHAIRS ETC.. ALL REINFORCEMENT SHALL BE PLACED AND MAINTAINED IN POSITION AS SHOWN IN STRUCTURAL DRAWING · CEMENT SHALL BE 43 GRADE ORDINARY PORTLAND CEMENT CONFORMING TO IS:8112 OR53 GRADE ORDINARY PORTLAND CEMENT CONFORMING TO IS:12269-1987 CEMENT SHALL BE STORED IN DRY PLACES ON A RAISED PLATFORM ABOUT 200mm ABOVE FLOOR LEVEL AND 300mm AWAY FROM WALLS. BAGS TO BE STACKED NOT MORE THAN 10 BAGS HIGH IN SUCH A MANNER THAT IT IS ADEQUATELY PROTECTED FROM MOISTURE AND CONTAMINATION. · WATER USED FOR BOTH MIXING AND CURING SHALL BE CLEAN AND FREE FROM INJURIOUS AMOUNTS OF OILS, ACIDS, ALKALIS, SALTS, SUGAR AND ORGANIC MATERIALS OR OTHER SUBSTANCES THAT MAY BE DELETERIOUS TO CONCRETE OR STEEL. THE pH SHALL BE GENERALLYBETWEEN 6 AND 8. · CEMENT SHALL BE TESTED FOR ITS SETTING. 1. THE INITIAL SETTING TIME SHALL NOT BE LESS THAN 30 MINUTES THE FINAL SETTING TIME SHALL NOT BE MORE THAN 10 HOURS. · SAMPLES FROM FRESH CONCRETE SHALL BE TAKEN AND AT LEAST A SET OF 6 CUBES OF 150mm SHALL BE PREPARED AND CURED. 3 CUBES EACH AT 7 DAYS AND 28 DAYS SHALL BE TESTED FOR COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH. THE TEST RESULTS SHOULD BE SUBMITTED TO ENGINEER FORAPPROVAL. IF RESULTS ARE UNSATISFACTORY NECESSARY ACTION/RECTIFICATION/REMEDIAL MEASURES HAS TO BE EXERCISED. · A SET OF CUBE TESTS SHALL BE CARRIED OUT FOR EACH 30 Cum OF CONCRETE / EACH LEVELS OF CASTING / EACH BATCH OF CEMENT. · WATER CEMENT RATIO FOR DIFFERENT GRADES OF CONCRETE SHALL NOT EXCEED 0.45 FOR M20 AND ABOVE AND 0.50 FOR M10 / M15 CONTRACTOR / MIX DESIGNER TO CARRY OUT THE NECESSARY INITIAL (PRELIMINARY) TESTS. FOR CONCRETE GRADES M20 AND ABOVE APPROVED ADMIXTURE SHALL BE USED AS PER MIX DESIGN REQUIREMENTS. CONTRACTOR SHALL ALLOW FOR INDEPENDENT TESTING OF REINFORCEMENT STEEL FOR EACH DIA OF BAR FOR EVERY 50T AND AT CHANGE OF SOURCE. CONSTRUCTION JOINTS IN SLABS AND BEAMS ARE OFTEN PLACED EITHER AT POINT OF CONTRAFLEXTURE IN WHICH CASE THE CONCRETE MAY BE LEFT SLOPED OFF OR STEPPED OFF BY MEANS – 17 – OF STOP FORMS.CONSTRUCTION JOINTS LOCATED NEAR MINIMUM SHEAR SHALL HAVE STOP FORMS PERPENDICULAR TO THE ACTING FORCES. WHERE THE CONCRETE IS TO BE PLACED IN THE SECOND POUR, THE OLD CONCRETE SHALL BE THOROUGHLY ROUGHENED TO EXPOSE AGGREGATES.MOISTENED AND A LAYER OF RICH FRESH MORTAR SHOULD BE LAID MMEDIATELY BEFORE FRESH CONCRETE IS PLACED. IT SHOULD BE PLACED TO A THICKNESS OF 20 TO 30mm AND SHALL BE WORKED WELL INTO THE IRREGULARITIES OF HARDENED CONCRETE. · ALL THE CONSTRUCTION JOINTS SHALL BE PRE-DETERMINED AS PER THE SEQUENCE OF OPERATION AND SHALL BE GOT APPROVED. · CONSTRUCTION JOINTS SHALL BE IN ACCORDANCE WITH TYPICAL CONSTRUCTION JOINT DETAILS. · EXPANSION JOINT DETAIL SHALL BE AS PER TYPICAL EXPANSION JOINT DETAILS. · ALL BEAM REINF. TO BE ANCHORED FOR A MINIMUM LENGTH OF 46 x DIA OF BAR INTO COL / SUPPORTING BEAM U.N. · BINDING WIRES SHALL BE 16 GUAGE 1.6mm SOFT ANNEALED STEEL WIRES FREE FROM RUST AND OTHER CONTAMINANTS. · CONCRETE DESIGN MIX REPORT. 1. CONCRETE DESIGN MIX REPORT ALONG WITH THE TEST RESULTS FOR CONCRETE CUBES SHALL BE – 13 – SUBMITTED IN ADVANCE FOR APPROVAL BEFORE RELEVANT CONCRETING. AND THE MINIMUM CEMENT CONTENT SHALL BE NOT LESS THAN 300 Kg/m 2. SLUMP SHALL BE 100 + 25mm. POURING OF CONCRETE. NO CONCRETING OPERATION SHALL BE CARRIED OUT DURING INCLEMENT WEATHER CONDITIONS LIKE HEAVY RAIN, STORM AND HIGH WINDS. POURING OF CONCRETE. NO CONCRETING OPERATION SHALL BE CARRIED OUT DURING INCLEMENT WEATHER CONDITIONS LIKE HEAVY RAIN, STORM AND HIGH WINDS. CONCRETE REPAIRS IN ANY STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS SHALL BE CARRIED OUT ONLY AFTER INSPECTION AND AS PER THE APPROVED METHOD. CONTRACTOR TO SUBMIT DETAIL METHOD STATEMENT FOR ENGINEER’S REVIEW AND RESPONSE · CONCRETE FLOOR SCREED SHALL BE IN PANELS OF 3M x 3M WITH JOINTS SEALED WITH SEALANT TO MATCH WITH JOINTS IN SLAB. LOCATIONS TO BE APPROVED BY ENGINEER PRIOR TO CONCRETING. · ALL CONCRETING MUST STOP AT A SHUTTERED SURFACE ONLY. · AT ALL CONSTRUCTION JOINTS THE REINFORCEMENT SHALL BE CONTINUOUS. · CONSTRUCTION JOINT IN RETAINING WALLS & WATER TANK SHALL BE PROVIDED WITH AN APPROVED SEALANT · ALL DEEPER EXCAVATION BELOW THE GROUND LEVEL SLAB SHALL BE RETAINED BY A LOCALIZED SOIL AND WATER RETENTION SYSTEM, AS MAY BE RETAINED BY A LOCALIZED SOIL AND WATER RETENTION SYSTEM, AS MAY BE · DEWATERING BY SUITABLE MEANS TO BE ADOPTED (ENSURING NO FINES ARE DRAWN OUT) TO KEEP THE FOUNDING STRATA COMPLETELY DRY AND SHALL BE CONTINUED UNTIL THE GROUND FLOOR SLAB / BEAMS ARE CAST AND CURED TO ACHIEVE SPECIFIED DESIGN STRENGTH. · CEMENT PROPORTION: CONCRETE MIX IN ABOVE SUCH FOUNDATIONS SHALL CONTAIN 10 PERCENT EXTRA CEMENT THAN SPECIFIED. AT LOCATIONS OF ISOLATION / EXPANSION JOINT PROVIDE POLYSULPHIDE SEALANT WITH BACKER ROD POLYSTYRENE BOARDS. · NO THROUGH BOLTS SHALL BE USED IN FORMWORK OF RETAINING WALL. AND WATER TANK WALLS. · ALL LOOSE POCKETS AND SOFT SPOTS ARE TO BE FILLED IN MASS CONCRETE OF GRADE M-10. · BACK FILLING BEHIND THE RETAINING WALL SHALL BE CARRIED OUT ONLY AFTER THEGROUND FLOOR SLAB IS CAST AND HAS ATTAINED DESIGN STRENGTH. · THE SPACE BETWEEN HARD STRATA (TO ACHIVE A MINIMUM OF 25 MT/M2) AND BOTTOM OF RAFT/ FOUNDATION SHALL BE FILLED WITH PLUM CONCRETE. · SIZE STONE MASONRY SHALL BE IN CM 1:6 UNLESS SPECIFIED OTHERWISE. · CONTINUOUS WALL FOUNDATION SHALL BE STEPPED IN A RATIO OF 1 VERTICAL TO 2 HORIZONTAL WHEREVER LEVEL CHANGES ARE NECESSARY. · SLOPED PORTION TO BE FINISHED SMOOTH WITH TROVEL WITHOUT USING MORTAR. COLUMN PORTION TO BE FINISHED SMOOTH WITH CONCRETE. · GRADE OF CONCRETE SHALL BE AS PER FOOTING SHEDULE/ RAFT DETAILS · ALL EXPOSED CORNERS OF COLUMNS AND BEAMS SHALL HAVE STRAIGHT EDGES AND SHALL BE CHAMPHERED IF SPECIFIED IN ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS. · CONCRETING OF COLUMNS , BEAMS, FACIAS, AND THIN SECTIONS OF CONCRETE MEMBERS SHALL BE CARRIED OUT USING APPROVED PLASTICISER AS PER MANUFACTURERS SPECIFICATIONS. · CONCRETE POURING , TESTING, REMOVAL OF FORMWORK AND ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA SHALL BE AS PER RELEVANT INDIAN STANDERD CODE OF PRACTICE. · CENTERING OF CANTILEVER BEAMS AND SLAB PROJECTIONS SHALL NOT BE REMOVED UNLESS ROOF SLAB ABOVE IS CAST AND CURED AND SUFFICIENT BALANCING LOAD IS ATTAINED. PROVIDE PRE CAMBER TO CANT. BEAMS/SLABS · BEFORE POURING FLOOR LEVEL CONCRETE, THE FLOOR SYSTEMS BELOW SHALL BE SUFFICIENTLY SUPPORTED BY MEANS OF PROPPING AND THIS SYSTEM SHALL BE APPROVED BY THE ENGINEER-IN-CHARGE. · CONCRETE IN TOILET, KITCHEN, WATER BODY AREAS SHALL BE MIXED WITH APPROVED WATERPROOF COMPOUND AND WATERPROOFING OVER SLABS AND SIDES OF WALLS SHALL BE DONE AS PER ARCHITECTURAL DETAILS. · CONTRACTOR SHALL CHECK ALL THE OPENINGS AS PER ARCHITECTURAL/SERVICE DRAWINGS AND SHALL PROVIDE NECESSARY TRIMMING BARS.NO ADDITIONAL OPENING SHALL BE DRILLED IN THE STRUCTURE UNLESS APPROVED. · CONCRETE SHOULD BE PLACED IN THIN LAYERS WHICH CAN BE EFFECTIVELY COMPACTED AS THE PLACING PROCEEDS SAY IN 300mm WHEN CASTING COLUMNS, WALLS OR BEAMS OF DEPTH 700mm OR MORE, A LAYER OF RICH CEMENT MORTAR SHOULD BE PLACED FIRST. THIS IS TO AVOID ACCUMULATION OF GRAVEL IN THE BOTTOM LAYER AND TO HAVE A BETTER BOND. · COMPACTION OF CONCERTE SHALL BE DONE BY MECHANICAL VIBRATORS. PROPER CARE SHALL BE TAKEN TO AVOID SEGGREGATION AND HONEYCOMBING. CONTRACTOR SHALL SUBMIT SHOP DRAWINGS INCLUDING BAR BENDING SCHEDULE FOR APPROVAL PRIOR TO TAKING UP OF CONSTRUCTION. · THE SECONDARY BEAM BARS SHALL BE PLACED OVER MAIN BEAM BARS WHEN THE DEPTH OF BEAMS ARE SAME AT JUNCTIONS. · SHORT SPAN STEEL SHALL BE AT BOTTOM LAYER IN TWO WAY SLAB SYSTEM AND SPACERS BAR, CHAIRS TO TOP STEEL SHALL BE PROVIDED WITH ADEQUATE COVER. · NO SPLICING OF BARS SHALL BE MADE AT THE POINT OF MAXIMUM TENSILE STRESSES. · FOR SPLICES OF REINFORCEMENT, MINIMUM LAP LENGTH FOR BARSSHALL BE 50 X DIA OF BAR. · NOT MORE THAN 1/3 OF MAIN REINFORCEMENT SHALL BE LAPPED AT ANY SECTION. · SPLICES IF UN AVOIDABLE, MUST BE LOCATED FROM FACE OF THE COLUMN AT NOT CLOSER THAN TWICE THE BEAM DEPTH. · SPLICES IN BEAMS SHALL BE CONTAINED BY ADDITIONAL STIRRUPS AT A SPACING NOT EXCEEDING 150MM OVER THE ENTIRE LENGTH OF SPLICES. · STIRRUPS SHALL BE CLOSED TYPE WITH ENDS HOOKED AT 135 WITH 10 X BAR DIA EXTENSION (BUT NOT LESS THAN 75MM). · SPACING OF STIRRUPS SHALL NOT EXCEED 200MM. CONCRETE MIX SHALL BE AS PER SCHEDULE OF COLUMNS. · P.V.C COVER BLOCKS TO BE USED WITH PRIOR APPROVAL OF ENGINEER. · RINGS TO BE PROVIDED FOR FULL LENGTH OF MAIN RODS TOPREVENT DISLOCATION OF MAIN BARS WHILE CONCRETING, AT A SPACING AS SPECIFIED IN THE SHEDULE. · Ld SHALL BE 1. M25 AND ABOVE 46 x DIA · COLUMN STARTER TO BE SET BY TEMPLATE AND SHALL BE PROVIDED WITH NEXT HIGHER GRADE OF CONCRETE MIX OF COLUMNS. · BEAM BOTTOM LEVELS ARE TO BE MARKED ON COLUMN RODS AND COLUMN TO BE STOPPED AT THIS LEVEL TO AVOID EXTRA SHUTTERING OF COLUMNS BELOW BEAM BOTTOMS. CURING OF SLABS AND BEAMS SHALL BE ACHIEVED BY PONDING ONLY, FOR A MINIMUM PERIOD OF 7 DAYS. · CURING OF FOOTING TOPS,RCC WALLS,COLUMNS AND EXTERNAL BEAM FACES SHALL BE DONE BY COVERING THEM WITH GUNNY BAGS OR HESSIAN AND KEEPING WET CONSTANTLY FOR COMPLETE CURING PERIOD OF 7 DAYS. · GROOVE CUTTING MACHINE SHALL BE USED FOR CHASING OF WALLS FOR ALL ELECTRICAL CONDUITS. · 4″ WIDE TO 7″ WIDE EXPANDED METAL MESH SHALL BE USED BEFORE PLASTERING OF ALL CONDUIT CHASINGS IN WALLS. · FOR COLUMN-WALL JUNCTIONS & BEAM-WALL JUNCTIONS 4″ WIDE EXPANDED METAL MESH SHALL BE USED, BEFORE PLASTERING OF CONCRETE AND WALL JUNCTIONS. WATER RETAINING STRUCTURE · CONCRETE MIX M-25 SHALL BE USED FOR ALL WATER RETAINING STRUCTURE WITH 330Kg/CU.M OF CEMENT MINIMUM.UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED. · DITCHTMENT D.M OR CONPLAST LIQUID ADMIXTURE SHALL BE USED WITH M-25 CONCRETE AT 150 ml PER BAG OF CEMENT. · PLASTERING SHALL BE DONE WITH C.M 1:4 USING PUTZ DITCHMENT D.M OR CONPLAST LIQUID ADMIXTURE AT 150ml PER BAG OF CEMENT. Top Most Important Questions For Interview Preparation For Civil Engineers Question 1. What are the different types of foundation? Three main types of foundation are • Basement: In this a basement is prepared first on top of it building is constructed • Crawl space: A crawl space is a raised foundation, it is built above the ground, just allowing enough space to crawl underneath • Slab: In this foundation, concrete is directly poured into the pit made in the ground. Question 2. Explain what is Hybrid Foundation? Hybrid Foundation is usually used for high rise building, it contains both soil supported mat and piles. This type of foundation is helpful in reducing the amount of the settlement. Question 3. What Are The Steps Involved In The Concreting Process, Explain? 1. Batching: The process of measurement of the different materials for the making of concrete is known as batching. batching is usually done in two ways: volume batching and weight batching. In case of volume batching the measurement is done in the form of volume whereas in the case of weight batching it is done by the weight. Mixing: In order to create good concrete the mixing of the materials should be first done in dry condition and after it wet condition. The two general methods of mixing are: hand mixing and machine mixing. Transportation and placing of concrete: Once the concrete mixture is created it must be transported to its final location. The concrete is placed on form works and should always be dropped on its final location as closely as possible. Compaction of concrete: When concrete is placed it can have air bubbles entrapped in it which can lead to the reduction of the strength by 30%. In order to reduce the air bubbles the process of compaction is performed. Compaction is generally performed in two ways: by hand or by the use of vibrators. Question 4. Describe Briefly The Various Methods Of Concrete Curing? Curing is the process of maintaining the moisture and temperature conditions for freshly deployed concrete. This is done for small duration of time to allow the hardening of concrete.The methods that are involved in saving the shrinkage of the concrete includes: Spraying of water: on walls, and columns can be cured by sprinkling water. Wet covering of surface: can be cured by using the surface with wet gunny bags or straw Ponding: the horizontal surfaces including the slab and floors can be cured by stagnating the water. Steam curing: of pre-fabricated concrete units steam can be cured by passing it over the units that are under closed chambers. It allows faster curing process and results in faster recovery. Application of curing compounds: compounds having calcium chloride can be applied on curing surface. This keeps the surface wet for a very long time. Question 5. List out some of the software used in the construction sector to estimate cost and monitoring expenses? • Tally System • Sage • Maxwell System • Premier construction software • eTakeoff • Construction partner, etc. Question 6. What are the responsibilities of a construction manager? The responsibilities of a construction manager are • Cost Estimates • Pre-purchase of selected materials • Selection of bidders for bidding phase • Analysis of proposals • Construction contract negotiations • Construction Scheduling and Monitoring • Cost control of construction • Construction supervision Question 7. List out the potential risk factors for workers on the construction site? Potential risk factors for worker on the construction site • Falls from heights • Scaffold and Trench collapse • Electric shock and arc blast • Repetitive motion injuries • Not using personal protective equipment correctly Question 8. What Reinforcements Are Used In The Process Of Prestressing? The major types of reinforcements used in prestressing are: Spalling Reinforcement: The spalling stresses leads to stress behind the loaded area of the anchor blocks. This results in the breaking off of the surface concrete. The most likely causes of such types of stresses are Poisson`s effects strain interoperability or by the stress trajectory shapes. Equilibrium reinforcements: This type of reinforcements are required where several anchorages exist where the prestressing loads are applied in a sequential manner. Bursting Reinforcements: These kinds of stresses occur in cases where the stress trajectories are concave towards the line of action of load. In order to reduce such stresses reinforcements in the form of bursting is required. Question 9. What is the ideal size of the living room ranges from small to large size? • Very small size living room= 7x10ft ( for two seater sofas on one side of the room) • Small living room= 10x13ft ( for two 2 seater sofa) • Medium living room= 12×18 (for 3 Seater sofa) • Large living room= 15×20 ( for 4 seater or 5 seater sofa) Question 10. What Are The Different Type Of Slump Test Indications? Slump tests are performed to empirically measure the work ability of fresh concrete. It is used to measure the consistency of the concrete. In general there are three different types of slumps that occur in slump tests. They are as follows: True Slump: This type of slump is characterized by the general drop of the concrete mass evenly without visible signs of deterioration or disintegration. Shear Slump: It indicates that the concrete mix is deficient in cohesion. This type of slump leads to segregation and bleeding. Henceforth in the long run effecting the durability of the concrete. Collapse Slump: This type of slump is indicates that the mix of concrete is simply too wet. The mix is considered to be harsh and lean. Question 11. Explain what is the difference between built area and super built up area? • Built up area: It includes your carpet area plus area covered by walls, pillars and ducts. It is usually 10% more from the carpet area • Super built up area: It includes your built up area plus the area that you use as building amenities like passage to lift, stairs and lifts, gym, club, etc. Question 12. List out the types of roofs? • Half hipped roof • Dutch gable roof • Skillion roof • Gambrel roof • Gull wind roof • Mansard roof • Bell cast roof • Sawtooth roof • Monitor roof, etc. Question 13. Explain what are the problems one might face while having a Cantilever balcony? Cantilever balcony are usually unsupported and extend outwards, so the problem with Cantilever balconies are • Excess deflection or bounce • Weakness of the deck structure • Rot and water damage to the interior of the house • Unevenness inside the house • Can’t use the balcony for gardening or other purposes as it is not designed to lift excess amount of weight Question 14. For what building Built-on balconies are preferable? What are the advantages? Built on balconies are mainly designed for retrofitting older buildings. This free standing balcony is supported in front of the facade on four columns. They are backed to the wall with brackets. The advantage of built-on balconies are • Old balconies can be dismantled, and the new ones can be erected immediately in front of the faced without disturbing the inner structure of the building • The work takes place outside of the house, so there is no interference to the interior of the building Question 15. How to build the floor to ceiling bookcase? To build a floor to ceiling bookcase • First measure the distance between the floor and ceiling • Cut two boards of the length of that distance • Cut two boards with the width you require • Attach top and bottom boards to the side with 2 inch nails. Keep a gap about one or two inches between each nail • Attach top and bottom boards to the side boards with 2 inch nail. This will create a frame of your bookcase. Add the shelves to the bookcase the way you want and then paint it. Question 16. What should be the standard roof height like to be? For inhabited building, standard height for roof should be one or two storeys tall. If you don’t need to make roof taller and yet you want make it look bigger from outside use a mansard roof containing multiple floors. The roof of the room can be adjusted by changing its pitch or by adding a parapet. Question 17. Which are the top apps for you civil engineeer? Some of the best apps • Evernote • STEEL • Dropbox • Instagram • Sketchbook • Photoshop Express • Flipboard • Magic Plan • Houzz • AutoCAD Question 18. Explain how you can use different dimension tools in CAD? What are the different dimensions available? If you are using CAD and want to use dimension tools, then go to CAD>Dimensions and you can have access to a wide range of dimensions like • Manual dimensions • Interior dimensions • Auto exterior dimensions • Auto interior dimensions • End to end dimensions • Point to point dimensions • Angular dimensions • Display temporary dimensions • Moving objects using dimensions Question 19. Explain how you can turn off the display for dimension in CAD? The display of your dimensions can be turned off in CAD for that you have to go under Floor Plan View and follow the following steps • In floor plan active, select Tools – Display Options • Scroll down to the dimensions- Automatic and Dimensions- Manual layers and remove the checkmarks from the Disp column • When you click OK, the display of the dimensions in your plan will be turned off. Question 20. What is the Unit Weight of concrete? The unit weight of concrete depends on the type of aggregates and amount of voids. As per IS : 456-200 Unit weight of PCC is 24KN/m3 and RCC is 25KN/m3 Question 21. What is the unit weight of Steel? The unit weight of Steel is 78.5KN/m3 Question22. What are the Nominal Concrete Mix proportions for different grades: Important: M20-1:1.5:3, M7.5- 1:4:8, Less imp: M5- 1:5:10 , M25- 1:1:2, M30-1:1:3 (Cement:Sand:aggregate) Question23. What is ductility? Ductility is the Ability to deform under tensile stress. Question 24. How to find the weight of steel bar used in reinforcement? Weight of Bar in kg/m = Dsquare/162.2 D- Dia of bar in mm Question 25. What’s the difference between one-way slab and two-way slab? One way slab: Ratio of Longer Span / Shorter span > 2 Two way slab: Ratio of Longer span/ shorter span <= 2 Question26. What is flat slab? The slab which is supported on columns (Flab slab don’t have beams) 

Question 27. What do you mean by One storeyed, Two storeyed building? The building which has two floors is called two storeyed building. Question 28. What’s the height of each floor? 3m

 Question 29. What’s the length of rise and tread in Stair case? Rise – 150mm to 200mm, Tread – 250mm to 300mm 

Question 30. What’s the slope of Staircase? As per IS 456, the slope or pitch of stair should be between 25 degrees to 40 degrees. 

Question 31. What do you mean by the moment of inertia? A quantity expressing a body’s tendency to resist angular acceleration, which is the sum of the products of the mass of each particle in the body with the square of its distance from the axis of rotation. Question 32. What is a crank length in the slab? The crank length in Slab is 0.42 D. Where D is Depth of Slab- Top cover – Bottom Cover. Question 33. What are the types of a slump? True Slump: The concrete mass after the test when slumps evenly all around without disintegration is called the true slump. Shear Slump: When one-half of the concrete mass slide down the other is called the shear slump. This type of slump is obtained in a lean concrete mix. Collapse Slump: When the sample is collapsed due to adding excessive water, it is known as collapse slump. Zero Slump: For very stiff or dry mixes it does not show any changes of the slump after removing the slump cone. Question 34. What is grouting? Grout is a fluid form of concrete which is used to fill the voids. Question 35. What is allowable moisture content in Fine aggregate for the concrete mix? We won’t use the aggregate if its moisture content is more than 5%. Question 36. What do you mean by segregation? Segregation is a separation of cement, sand from aggregate. This is caused due to Water cement ratio and when concrete is poured about more than 1.5m Question 37. What is Seepage? Slow percolation of water through soil is called Seepage. Question 38. What is the Compressive Strength of brick? Second class brick-70kg/cm2 First class brick-105kg/cm2 Fire brick-125kg/cm2 Question 39. How do you check the quality of cement on the site? 1. Date of Mfg: Cement strength decreases with its age. 2. Color: Colour should be grey with light greenish shade and it should be uniform. Color gives an indication of excess lime or clay. 3. Float test: A good cement won’t float if you throw a cement in water. 4. When you put your hand in cement bag you should feel cool. Question 40. What is Initial & final setting time of concrete? Intial Setting time : 30mins, Final setting time : 10hrs Question 41. What is durability? Ability to withstand under pressure is called Durability. Question 42. What are the concrete tests? Slump test, Compressive strength test, water permeability test, Water absorption test Question 43. What is bleeding in concrete? Bleeding is one form of segregation, where water comes out to the surface of the concrete, being lowest specific gravity among all the ingredients of concrete. Question 44. What is the name of the machine to get compression test? A. Universal testing machine (UTM) Question 45. Describe civil engineering in simple words? Civil Engineering is the second oldest form of engineering in the world after military engineering. It is simply defined as an expertise in the process of designing, constructing & maintaining various systems, including public infrastructure, buildings, houses & much more. Question 46. Which is the tallest man-made structure in the world? World’s tallest man-made structure is the Burj Dubai which stands at 800 meters tall. Question 47. According to you, what is that one important quality that a civil engineer should possess? A civil engineer should have a bunch of important qualities to ensure a strong career path, however, according to me the most important quality which a civil engineer should possess is strong critical thinking & sound technical knowledge. Question 48. Name the critical elements for a landfill? There are 4 major landfill elements: Bottom Liner, Collection System, Cover & Natural hydrogeological settings. Question 49. Discuss different types of building foundations? While laying a foundation for any construction, three types of foundation patterns are mostly used. Basement pattern: Wherein the basement of the building is prepared initially & then the rest of the storeys are constructed on top of the basement. Crawl space pattern: Wherein a raised foundation is constructed first, this foundation is built above the ground, then the rest of the building is made on top. Slab:This is the simplest way of construction wherein concrete is directly poured in the pit which is made in the ground. Question 50. What do you understand by segregation? Segregation is defined as a process of filtering cement & sand separately from the concrete mixture. In other words, segregation is caused due to vibration between materials forming a concrete. One material being high in weight & one being less tend to be uneven while in a liquid state. The heavier material gets settled at the bottom of the concrete & lighter material moves on top. Question 51. Explain the cavitation process in pipes & drains? Usually due to the air bubble formation within the fluids usually because of low-pressure conditions get even lower than the saturation pressure is defined as the cavitation process. This creates a potentially damaging situation to the durability of pipes. Question 52. What do you understand by soil analysis? Soil analysis is defined as a process of soil testing to determine nutrients & elements which are embedded within that particular soil sample. Question 54. What do you mean by concrete curing? What are the methods used for concrete curing? Concrete curing is the process of maintaining the right temperature & apt moisture level for the recently placed concrete. This process is done to the wet concrete to ensure its drying process takes less time & maximizes concrete strength. Some of the common methods used in concrete curing are water sprays, ponding, curing compounds, steam curation. Question 55. What do you understand by slump tests? Slump Tests are usually done to measure the consistency of the fresh concrete after it’s placed. It also measures the workability of fresh concrete. Question 56. What is the software used in civil engineering? AutoCAD and 3D Max are the most popular software used in Civil Engineering. These are helpful in making various high-tech presentations, reports, billing purposes. All the designs, modeling, design, architectural drawing, Auto-desk 2D and 3D designs can be successfully made with the help of this two software. Question 57. How do you calculate the unit weight of concrete? To find the weight of the concrete, multiply the length, height, and width of the area where the concrete is to be filled. Then you will get the volume of the place or the volume of the concrete to be used. To get the weight of the concrete in pounds, multiply the volume which we have got in cubic feet by 143.38 pounds/feet^3. Question 58. What is the crank length in the slab? Minimum length of a crank is 300 mm. The formula of Crank length = (d1+d2+5) *10mm where d1 is the diameter of smaller bar and d2 is the diameter of the largest bar. Also, the slope of the crank is 1:10 (one of the common civil engineering interview questions.) 

Question 59. What is the strength of cement? The cement’s strength is tested on hardened Cement-Sand mortar’s cubes, and these are prepared out of the cement which has a strength of 53MPa. It is derived from 53 Grade OPC Cement giving 28-days of compressive strength of the cement. It is one of the most common civil engineering interview questions. Question 60. How is the strength of cement measured? The measurement is done after the curing process has taken place for 7 days or 28 days. The load should be applied slowly at the rate of 140 kg/cm2 per minute until the Specimens fails. We get the compressive strength of the concrete or the cement at the load failure divided by the specimen’s area. 

 Most Asked 250 Interview Questions for civil Engineers | interview Question 2021-07-10 civilsitevisit 

 Question 1. What are the different types of foundation? Three main types of foundation are • Basement: In this a basement is prepared first on top of it building is constructed • Crawl space: A crawl space is a raised foundation, it is built above the ground, just allowing enough space to crawl underneath • Slab: In this foundation, concrete is directly poured into the pit made in the ground. 

Question 2. Explain what is Hybrid Foundation? Hybrid Foundation is usually used for high rise building, it contains both soil supported mat and piles. This type of foundation is helpful in reducing the amount of the settlement. 

Question 3. What Are The Steps Involved In The Concreting Process, Explain? 1. Batching: The process of measurement of the different materials for the making of concrete is known as batching. batching is usually done in two ways: volume batching and weight batching. In case of volume batching the measurement is done in the form of volume whereas in the case of weight batching it is done by the weight. Mixing: In order to create good concrete the mixing of the materials should be first done in dry condition and after it wet condition. The two general methods of mixing are: hand mixing and machine mixing. Transportation and placing of concrete: Once the concrete mixture is created it must be transported to its final location. The concrete is placed on form works and should always be dropped on its final location as closely as possible. Compaction of concrete: When concrete is placed it can have air bubbles entrapped in it which can lead to the reduction of the strength by 30%. In order to reduce the air bubbles the process of compaction is performed. Compaction is generally performed in two ways: by hand or by the use of vibrators. 

Question 4. Describe Briefly The Various Methods Of Concrete Curing? Curing is the process of maintaining the moisture and temperature conditions for freshly deployed concrete. This is done for small duration of time to allow the hardening of concrete.The methods that are involved in saving the shrinkage of the concrete includes: Spraying of water: on walls, and columns can be cured by sprinkling water. Wet covering of surface: can be cured by using the surface with wet gunny bags or straw Ponding: the horizontal surfaces including the slab and floors can be cured by stagnating the water. Steam curing: of pre-fabricated concrete units steam can be cured by passing it over the units that are under closed chambers. It allows faster curing process and results in faster recovery. Application of curing compounds: compounds having calcium chloride can be applied on curing surface. This keeps the surface wet for a very long time.

 Question 5. List out some of the software used in the construction sector to estimate cost and monitoring expenses? • Tally System • Sage • Maxwell System • Premier construction software • eTakeoff • Construction partner, etc. 

Question 6. What are the responsibilities of a construction manager? The responsibilities of a construction manager are • Cost Estimates • Pre-purchase of selected materials • Selection of bidders for bidding phase • Analysis of proposals • Construction contract negotiations • Construction Scheduling and Monitoring • Cost control of construction • Construction supervision 

Question 7. List out the potential risk factors for workers on the construction site? Potential risk factors for worker on the construction site • Falls from heights • Scaffold and Trench collapse • Electric shock and arc blast • Repetitive motion injuries • Not using personal protective equipment correctly 

Question 8. What Reinforcements Are Used In The Process Of Prestressing? The major types of reinforcements used in prestressing are: Spalling Reinforcement: The spalling stresses leads to stress behind the loaded area of the anchor blocks. This results in the breaking off of the surface concrete. The most likely causes of such types of stresses are Poisson`s effects strain interoperability or by the stress trajectory shapes. Equilibrium reinforcements: This type of reinforcements are required where several anchorages exist where the prestressing loads are applied in a sequential manner. Bursting Reinforcements: These kinds of stresses occur in cases where the stress trajectories are concave towards the line of action of load. In order to reduce such stresses reinforcements in the form of bursting is required. 

 Question 9. What is the ideal size of the living room ranges from small to large size? • Very small size living room= 7x10ft ( for two seater sofas on one side of the room) • Small living room= 10x13ft ( for two 2 seater sofa) • Medium living room= 12×18 (for 3 Seater sofa) • Large living room= 15×20 ( for 4 seater or 5 seater sofa) 

Question 10. What Are The Different Type Of Slump Test Indications? Slump tests are performed to empirically measure the work ability of fresh concrete. It is used to measure the consistency of the concrete. In general there are three different types of slumps that occur in slump tests. They are as follows: True Slump: This type of slump is characterized by the general drop of the concrete mass evenly without visible signs of deterioration or disintegration. Shear Slump: It indicates that the concrete mix is deficient in cohesion. This type of slump leads to segregation and bleeding. Henceforth in the long run effecting the durability of the concrete. Collapse Slump: This type of slump is indicates that the mix of concrete is simply too wet. The mix is considered to be harsh and lean. 

Question 11. Explain what is the difference between built area and super built up area? • Built up area: It includes your carpet area plus area covered by walls, pillars and ducts. It is usually 10% more from the carpet area • Super built up area: It includes your built up area plus the area that you use as building amenities like passage to lift, stairs and lifts, gym, club, etc. 

 Question 12. List out the types of roofs? • Half hipped roof • Dutch gable roof • Skillion roof • Gambrel roof • Gull wind roof • Mansard roof • Bell cast roof • Sawtooth roof • Monitor roof, etc. 

Question 13. Explain what are the problems one might face while having a Cantilever balcony? Cantilever balcony are usually unsupported and extend outwards, so the problem with Cantilever balconies are • Excess deflection or bounce • Weakness of the deck structure • Rot and water damage to the interior of the house • Unevenness inside the house • Can’t use the balcony for gardening or other purposes as it is not designed to lift excess amount of weight

 Question 14. For what building Built-on balconies are preferable? What are the advantages? Built on balconies are mainly designed for retrofitting older buildings. This free standing balcony is supported in front of the facade on four columns. They are backed to the wall with brackets. The advantage of built-on balconies are • Old balconies can be dismantled, and the new ones can be erected immediately in front of the faced without disturbing the inner structure of the building • The work takes place outside of the house, so there is no interference to the interior of the building 

 Question 15. How to build the floor to ceiling bookcase? To build a floor to ceiling bookcase • First measure the distance between the floor and ceiling • Cut two boards of the length of that distance • Cut two boards with the width you require • Attach top and bottom boards to the side with 2 inch nails. Keep a gap about one or two inches between each nail • Attach top and bottom boards to the side boards with 2 inch nail. This will create a frame of your bookcase. Add the shelves to the bookcase the way you want and then paint it. 

Question 16. What should be the standard roof height like to be? For inhabited building, standard height for roof should be one or two storeys tall. If you don’t need to make roof taller and yet you want make it look bigger from outside use a mansard roof containing multiple floors. The roof of the room can be adjusted by changing its pitch or by adding a parapet. 

Question 17. Which are the top apps for you civil engineeer? Some of the best apps • Evernote • STEEL • Dropbox • Instagram • Sketchbook • Photoshop Express • Flipboard • Magic Plan • Houzz • AutoCAD 

 Question 18. Explain how you can use different dimension tools in CAD? What are the different dimensions available? If you are using CAD and want to use dimension tools, then go to CAD>Dimensions and you can have access to a wide range of dimensions like • Manual dimensions • Interior dimensions • Auto exterior dimensions • Auto interior dimensions • End to end dimensions • Point to point dimensions • Angular dimensions • Display temporary dimensions • Moving objects using dimensions 

Question 19. Explain how you can turn off the display for dimension in CAD? The display of your dimensions can be turned off in CAD for that you have to go under Floor Plan View and follow the following steps • In floor plan active, select Tools – Display Options • Scroll down to the dimensions- Automatic and Dimensions- Manual layers and remove the checkmarks from the Disp column • When you click OK, the display of the dimensions in your plan will be turned off. 

Question 20. What is the Unit Weight of concrete? The unit weight of concrete depends on the type of aggregates and amount of voids. As per IS : 456-200 Unit weight of PCC is 24KN/m3 and RCC is 25KN/m3 

Question 21. What is the unit weight of Steel? The unit weight of Steel is 78.5KN/m3 

Question22. What are the Nominal Concrete Mix proportions for different grades: Important: M20-1:1.5:3, M7.5- 1:4:8, Less imp: M5- 1:5:10 , M25- 1:1:2, M30-1:1:3 (Cement:Sand:aggregate) Question23. What is ductility? Ductility is the Ability to deform under tensile stress. 

Question 24. How to find the weight of steel bar used in reinforcement? Weight of Bar in kg/m = Dsquare/162.2 D- Dia of bar in mm 

Question 25. What’s the difference between one-way slab and two-way slab? One way slab: Ratio of Longer Span / Shorter span > 2 Two way slab: Ratio of Longer span/ shorter span <= 2 

Question26. What is flat slab? The slab which is supported on columns (Flab slab don’t have beams) 

Question 27. What do you mean by One storeyed, Two storeyed building? The building which has two floors is called two storeyed building. 

Question 28. What’s the height of each floor? 3m 

Question 29. What’s the length of rise and tread in Stair case? Rise – 150mm to 200mm, Tread – 250mm to 300mm

 Question 30. What’s the slope of Staircase? As per IS 456, the slope or pitch of stair should be between 25 degrees to 40 degrees. 

Question 31. What do you mean by the moment of inertia? A quantity expressing a body’s tendency to resist angular acceleration, which is the sum of the products of the mass of each particle in the body with the square of its distance from the axis of rotation. 

Question 32. What is a crank length in the slab? The crank length in Slab is 0.42 D. Where D is Depth of Slab- Top cover – Bottom Cover. 

 Question 33. What are the types of a slump? True Slump: The concrete mass after the test when slumps evenly all around without disintegration is called the true slump. Shear Slump: When one-half of the concrete mass slide down the other is called the shear slump. This type of slump is obtained in a lean concrete mix. Collapse Slump: When the sample is collapsed due to adding excessive water, it is known as collapse slump. Zero Slump: For very stiff or dry mixes it does not show any changes of the slump after removing the slump cone. 

Question 34. What is grouting? Grout is a fluid form of concrete which is used to fill the voids. 

Question 35. What is allowable moisture content in Fine aggregate for the concrete mix? We won’t use the aggregate if its moisture content is more than 5%. 

Question 36. What do you mean by segregation? Segregation is a separation of cement, sand from aggregate. This is caused due to Water cement ratio and when concrete is poured about more than 1.5m 

Question 37. What is Seepage? Slow percolation of water through soil is called Seepage.

 Question 38. What is the Compressive Strength of brick? Second class brick-70kg/cm2 First class brick-105kg/cm2 Fire brick-125kg/cm2 

Question 39. How do you check the quality of cement on the site? 1. Date of Mfg: Cement strength decreases with its age. 2. Color: Colour should be grey with light greenish shade and it should be uniform. Color gives an indication of excess lime or clay. 3. Float test: A good cement won’t float if you throw a cement in water. 4. When you put your hand in cement bag you should feel cool. 

Question 40. What is Initial & final setting time of concrete? Intial Setting time : 30mins, Final setting time : 10hrs 

Question 41. What is durability? Ability to withstand under pressure is called Durability. 

Question 42. What are the concrete tests? Slump test, Compressive strength test, water permeability test, Water absorption test 

 Question 43. What is bleeding in concrete? Bleeding is one form of segregation, where water comes out to the surface of the concrete, being lowest specific gravity among all the ingredients of concrete. Question 44. What is the name of the machine to get compression test? A. Universal testing machine (UTM) 

Question 45. Describe civil engineering in simple words? Civil Engineering is the second oldest form of engineering in the world after military engineering. It is simply defined as an expertise in the process of designing, constructing & maintaining various systems, including public infrastructure, buildings, houses & much more.

 Question 46. Which is the tallest man-made structure in the world? World’s tallest man-made structure is the Burj Dubai which stands at 800 meters tall. 

Question 47. According to you, what is that one important quality that a civil engineer should possess? A civil engineer should have a bunch of important qualities to ensure a strong career path, however, according to me the most important quality which a civil engineer should possess is strong critical thinking & sound technical knowledge. Question 48. Name the critical elements for a landfill? There are 4 major landfill elements: Bottom Liner, Collection System, Cover & Natural hydrogeological settings.

 Question 49. Discuss different types of building foundations? While laying a foundation for any construction, three types of foundation patterns are mostly used. Basement pattern: Wherein the basement of the building is prepared initially & then the rest of the storeys are constructed on top of the basement. Crawl space pattern: Wherein a raised foundation is constructed first, this foundation is built above the ground, then the rest of the building is made on top. Slab:This is the simplest way of construction wherein concrete is directly poured in the pit which is made in the ground. 

Question 50. What do you understand by segregation? Segregation is defined as a process of filtering cement & sand separately from the concrete mixture. In other words, segregation is caused due to vibration between materials forming a concrete. One material being high in weight & one being less tend to be uneven while in a liquid state. The heavier material gets settled at the bottom of the concrete & lighter material moves on top. 

Question 51. Explain the cavitation process in pipes & drains? Usually due to the air bubble formation within the fluids usually because of low-pressure conditions get even lower than the saturation pressure is defined as the cavitation process. This creates a potentially damaging situation to the durability of pipes. 

Question 52. What do you understand by soil analysis? Soil analysis is defined as a process of soil testing to determine nutrients & elements which are embedded within that particular soil sample. 

Question 54. What do you mean by concrete curing? What are the methods used for concrete curing? Concrete curing is the process of maintaining the right temperature & apt moisture level for the recently placed concrete. This process is done to the wet concrete to ensure its drying process takes less time & maximizes concrete strength. Some of the common methods used in concrete curing are water sprays, ponding, curing compounds, steam curation. 

Question 55. What do you understand by slump tests? Slump Tests are usually done to measure the consistency of the fresh concrete after it’s placed. It also measures the workability of fresh concrete. 

Question 56. What is the software used in civil engineering? AutoCAD and 3D Max are the most popular software used in Civil Engineering. These are helpful in making various high-tech presentations, reports, billing purposes. All the designs, modeling, design, architectural drawing, Auto-desk 2D and 3D designs can be successfully made with the help of this two software. 

Question 57. How do you calculate the unit weight of concrete? To find the weight of the concrete, multiply the length, height, and width of the area where the concrete is to be filled. Then you will get the volume of the place or the volume of the concrete to be used. To get the weight of the concrete in pounds, multiply the volume which we have got in cubic feet by 143.38 pounds/feet^3.

 Question 58. What is the crank length in the slab? Minimum length of a crank is 300 mm. The formula of Crank length = (d1+d2+5) *10mm where d1 is the diameter of smaller bar and d2 is the diameter of the largest bar. Also, the slope of the crank is 1:10 (one of the common civil engineering interview questions.)

 Question 59. What is the strength of cement? The cement’s strength is tested on hardened Cement-Sand mortar’s cubes, and these are prepared out of the cement which has a strength of 53MPa. It is derived from 53 Grade OPC Cement giving 28-days of compressive strength of the cement. It is one of the most common civil engineering interview questions. 

Question 60. How is the strength of cement measured? The measurement is done after the curing process has taken place for 7 days or 28 days. The load should be applied slowly at the rate of 140 kg/cm2 per minute until the Specimens fails. We get the compressive strength of the concrete or the cement at the load failure divided by the specimen’s area. 

Question 61. What Do You Understand by M25 Concrete? According to IS 456 : 2000, M refers Mix and 25 refers the characteristic compressive. Strength of concrete cube of 150mmX150mmX150 mm tested at the end of 28 days should be minimum 25 N/Sq.mm 

Question 62. What is the maximum allowable fresh concrete temperature until used as per ASTM ? 32 OC 

Question 63. what are the skills required to become an architect ? Conceptual understanding of designing models Basic knowledge of computer and architect related software programs Designing 3D models Engineering ability Business aptitude Legal knowledge 

Question 64. What is guniting ? It is a process in which mixture of cement & sand in proportion of 1:3 is shooted on concrete surface with the help of cement gun under pressure of 2 to 3 kg/cm2. It is a highly effective process for repairing concrete walls or damaged surfaces.

 

Question 65. For filling cracks in masonry structures, the type of bitumen used, is Plastic bitumen 

 Question 66. What is the bending moment (BM) & Shear force (SF) – Explain. A bending moment is the reaction induced in a structural element when an external force or moment is applied to the element causing the element to bend. The most common or simplest structural element subjected to bending moments is the beam. Shear force is the force in the beam acting perpendicular to its longitudinal (x) axis. For design purposes, the beam’s ability to resist shear force is more important than its ability to resist an axial force. Axial force is the force in the beam acting parallel to the longitudinal axis. 

Question 67. For filling cracks in masonry structures, the type of bitumen used, is Plastic bitumen 

Question 68. What is the process of covering of concrete placed on the exposed top of an external wall ? Coping 

Question 69. A wall constructed to resist the pressure of an earth filling, is known as Retaining wall 

Question 70. What is the minimum curing period? IS 456 – 2000 recommends that curing duration of concrete must be at least 7 days in case of Ordinary Portland Cement, at least 10 days for concrete with Mineral admixtures. It also recommends that the curing duration should not be less than 10 days for concrete of OPC exposed to dry and hot weather conditions and 14 days for concrete with mineral admixtures in hot and dry weather. 

Question 71. What is the minimum weight of fine aggregate for sieve analysis as per ASTM C136 ? 

300 g 

Question 72. How many hours should CBR samples be soaked ? 96 Hrs 

Question 73. What is a bearing capacity of soil? Bearing capacity is the capacity of soil to support the loads applied to the ground by the foundation of the structure. 

Question 74. What do you mean by honeycomb in concrete? Honeycomb, also known as air pocket, is nothing but the air voids in concrete. It is usually formed during concrete casting. 

Question 75. What field tests are required for quality check of cement? Quality of cement can be checked with color, physical properties, etc. Cement should have grey color with light greenish shade. It should feel smooth when rubbed between fingers. If hand is inserted in a heap of cement or its bags, it should feel cool. When pinch of cement is thrown in Water then cement should float for some time before it sink. Also, it should be lump free. 

Question 76. What are the types of cement? There are various types of cement which are: Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), White Portland Cement (WPC), Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC), Low Heat Portland Cement, Coloured Portland Cement, Hydrophobic cement, Rapid Hardening Cement, Portland Slag Cement, Sulphate resisting Portland Cement, etc. Question 77. what is the difference between built area and super built up area? • Built up area: It includes your carpet area plus area covered by walls, pillars and ducts. It is usually 10% more from the carpet area • Super built up area: It includes your built up area plus the area that you use as building amenities like passage to lift, stairs and lifts, gym, club, etc. Question 78. What is Water-Cement Ratio and How it is related to the strength of concrete? The water-cement ratio is the ratio of the weight of water to the weight of cement used in a concrete mix. A lower ratio leads to higher strength and durability, but may make the mix difficult to work i.e. low workability of Concrete Mix. Workability can be increased with the use of admixtures. Question 79. Explain what is Hybrid Foundation? Hybrid Foundation is usually used for high rise building, it contains both soil supported mat and piles. This type of foundation is helpful in reducing the amount of the settlement. Question 80 . What are the steps involved in the concreting process, explain? Steps In Concreting: Batching: The process of measuring different concrete materials such as cement, coarse aggregate, sand, water for the making of concrete is known as batching. Mixing. Transportation: Compaction. Curing. Question 81. Explain what is flashing? Flashing is an extended construction that is done to seal and protects joints in a building from water penetration. Flashing is installed at the intersecting roofs, walls and parapets. Question 82. What is Bursting Reinforcement ? Tensile stresses are induced during prestressing operation and the maximum bursting stress occurs where the stress trajectories are concave towards the line of action of the load. Reinforcement is needed to resist these lateral tensile forces. Question 83. What are the major problems in using pumping for concreting works? In pumping operation, the force exerted by pumps must overcome the friction between concrete and the pumping pipes, the weight of concrete and the pressure head when placing concrete above the pumps. In fact, as only water is pump-able, it is the water in the concrete that transfers the pressure. The main problems associated with pumping are the effect of segregation and bleeding. To rectify these adverse effects, the proportion of cement is increased to enhance the cohesion in order to reduce segregation and bleeding. On the other hand, a proper selection of aggregate grading helps to improve the pump-ability of concrete. Question 84. What are the responsibilities of a construction manager? The responsibilities of a construction manager are • Cost Estimates • Pre-purchase of selected materials • Selection of bidders for bidding phase • Analysis of proposals • Construction contract negotiations • Construction Scheduling and Monitoring • Cost control of construction • Construction supervision Question 85. What is Shear slump ? Shear slump implies that the concrete mix is deficient in cohesion. Consequently, it may undergo segregation and bleeding and thus is undesirable for durability of concrete. Question 86. Why is concrete weak in tension? Concrete is made up of collection of materials (several aggregate types, cement, pozzolans, water, air…), which are stick together with a cement paste. The “interface” zone is the weakest link in the structure. When compressing, that interface only serves to transfer compressive stresses from one aggregate to the next. That does not require exceptional strength. Under tension, the aggregates are trying to pull away from each other, and the glue is what holds the whole system together. Since it is significantly weaker than the aggregates, it is where the failure starts at much lower stresses Question 87. What is grouting? Grout is a fluid form of concrete which is used to fill the voids. Question 88. What is the recommended slump for column ? 75 to 125 mm Question 89. The bearing capacity of granite is generally ? 30 to 35 kg/cm 2 Question 90. What are the specifications of tamping rod used in cube filling for cube test ? Ans :- According to the IS code 2386, a 16 mm steel rod with rounded edge Question 91 .What is the minimum curing period ? IS 456 – 2000 recommends that curing duration of concrete must be at least 7 days in case of Ordinary Portland Cement, at least 10 days for concrete with Mineral admixtures. It also recommends that the curing duration should not be less than 10 days for concrete of OPC exposed to dry and hot weather conditions and 14 days for concrete with mineral admixtures in hot and dry weather. Question 92. What are the functions of column in a building ? Column is a vertical member in building whose Primary function is to support structural load and transfer it through beams. Upper columns transfers the load to the lower columns and finally to the ground through footings. Question 93. What are the uses of Groynes ? They prevent, or slow down erosion, and stop the longshore drift. This, however, can have bad knock-on effects somewhere near. Question 94. What is the initial and final setting time of ideal cement mix? Initial setting time for ideal cement mix is around 30 minutes for almost all kind of cements. For masonry cement it can be 90minutes. Final setting time of ideal cement mix should be 10 hours at max. For masonry cement it shouldn’t exceed 24hours Question 95. The portion of a brick cut across the width is called Bat Question 96. What reinforcements are used in the process of prestressing? The major types of reinforcements used in prestressing are: Spalling Reinforcement: The spalling stresses leads to stress behind the loaded area of the anchor blocks. This results in the breaking off of the surface concrete. The most likely causes of such types of stresses are Poisson`s effects strain interoperability or by the stress trajectory shapes. Equilibrium reinforcements: This type of reinforcements are required where several anchorages exist where the prestressing loads are applied in a sequential manner. Bursting Reinforcements: These kinds of stresses occur in cases where the stress trajectories are concave towards the line of action of load. In order to reduce such stresses, reinforcements in the form of bursting are required. Question 97. What are the common ways of demolition? • Hydro-demolition • Pressure Bursting • Dismantling Question 98. What are the main reasons for conducting pull-out tests for soil nails? There are mainly four reasons for this test: To check and verify the bond strength between soil and grout adopted during the design of soil nails. This is the main objective of conducting soil nail pull-out test. To determine the bond strength between soil and grout for future design purpose. However, if this target is to be achieved, the test nails should be loaded to determine the ultimate soil/grout bond with an upper limit of 80% of the ultimate tensile strength of steel bars. To check if there is any slippage or creep occurrence. To check the elastic and plastic deformations of test nails. This is observed during the repeated loading and unloading cycles of soil nails. Question 99. Explain QA&QC ? Quality Assurance (QA): Quality Assurance is a set of activities for ensuring quality in the processes by which works are done. Quality Assurance is the process of managing for quality. Quality Control (QC): Quality Control is a set of activities for ensuring quality in works. The activities focus on identifying defects in the actual products produced. Quality Control is used to verify the quality of the output. Question 100. What Is The Ratio Of Grades M5, M7.5, M10, M15, M20, M25, M30, M35, M40? M5 – 1:5:10 M7.5 – 1:4:8 M10 – 1:3:6 M15 – 1:2:4 M20 – 1:1.5:3 M25 – 1:1:2 M30, M35, M40 – Design Mix Followed Question 101. The length of each fish plate is 457.2mm Question 102. Rail chairs are used to fix Double head rails Question 103. What is guniting ? It is a process in which mixture of cement & sand in proportion of 1:3 is shooted on concrete surface with the help of cement gun under pressure of 2 to 3 kg/cm2 It is a highly effective process for repairing concrete walls or damaged surfaces Question 104. Flat bearing The main purpose of using bearing plate is to Distribute the pressure over wider area,eliminate the adzing of wooden sleepers,preventing the widening of gauge of curves Question 105. How would you describe the soundness of cement? Cement soundness can be described as a property which ensures that the cement does not go through any appreciable expansion pr experience any chance in volume once it has been set. This process helps get rid of any possibilities of the mortar or concrete from getting disrupted. Question 106. Creeping of rails can be checked by using Anchors Question 107. What Is Rigging ? In sailing, the ropes used to move the sails around so the boat will move in the right direction when the wind blows. Question 108. What Are The Materials Used In Building A Gravity Dam? There are many gravity dams constructed of compacted earth. High dams are generally concrete. All dams require a spillway to be safe. The spillway must be armored. Question 109. What made you decide to become a civil engineer? I Decided to become a civil engineer because of my father who is a Math teacher. As a child he shared his great love for solving mathematical equations and other types of puzzles with me. He was always asking me to look outside the box to solve each dilemma. He encouraged me to have a quizzical mind and to always explore not only how something was built but also how it worked. He inspired me to figure out if the design could be improved upon by utilizing a different means.” Question 110. what The Purpose Of The Gap In The Road On This Bridge? Purpose of the gap in the road is to allow the road to expand and contract with temperature changes without causing damage or deformation to the road Question 111. On Indian railways , minimum formation width in embankment for a single line of board gauge ,is 6.1m Question 113. The device used for changing the direction of the engines is called Turn table Question 114. The device provided to prevent the vehicles from moving beyond the end of rail at terminals is called Buffer stops Question 115. What Are Moment Of Inertia And Its Importance In Civil Engineering? The moment of inertia measures the opposition any kind of body will have against a certain momentum (along that same axis) trying to rotate that body. Question 116. The distance between the running edge of the stock and switch rails at the switch heel ,is called Heel clearance Question 117. What are various tests for checking brick quality? We can use water absorption test, hardness test, shape & size, crushing strength test, soundness test, etc. to check the brick quality. In water absorption test, we dip the brick for 16 hours in water. If weight of brick after dipping in water doesn’t exceed by 20%, it can be considered as first class brick, if below 22.5% it can be considered as second class brick, if below 25% it can be considered as third class brick. In crushing test, it crushing strength should be minimum of 10 N/mm2 for first class brick, 7.5 N/mm2 for second class bricks. In hardness test, we scratch the brick with nails. It should be scratch free. In soundness test we check the metallic sound by striking two bricks with each other Question 118.The distance between the adjacent faces of the stock rail and the check rail , is called Flange way clearance Question 119. What is void ratio? Void ratio is the ratio of volume of voids to volume of solids. Question 120 .Stock rails are fitted Against tongue clearance Question 121.The switch angle is the angle subtended between the gauge faces of the Stock rail and check Question 122. Explain what is Critical Path Method (C.P.M)? Critical Path Method is strategy and method of representing the respective tasks and activities involved in the construction through a symbolic diagram. Question 123. How Do You Determine Specific Gravity Of Cement? Cement is usually purchased as a powdery substance that is mixed with sand, aggregate, gravel, and water to form concrete. Since the cement itself is usually a powder, it is hard to measure a standard value for its specific gravity. In addition, since cement is usually not used by itself, knowing its specific gravity is not Particularly useful. A more useful question is “What is the typical density of concrete?” A rule of thumb answer is that normal cured concrete has a density of about 150 pounds per cubic foot. This includes the weight of the cement, sand, aggregate, and that PArt of the water that chemically binds with the cement to form the concrete. Since water weighs about 62.4 pounds per cubic feet, concrete is about 2.4 times as heavy. Thus, the specific gravity of concrete is about 2.4. If you took cement and mixed it with water, you would eventually have a hard lump of useless cement and it would also have a specific gravity of between 2 and 2.4. Question 124. The distance between the running face of the stock rail and toe of the tongue rail is known as Throw of switch Question 125. The maximum value of throw of switch for a broad gauge track is 95mm Question 126 . In INDIA , the crossing number for passenger turnout is taken as 12 Question 127 .A warner signal ,which is first seen by the driver , is known as Outer signal Question 129. The reception signal is Outer signal ,home signal Question 130 .In a shunting signal , if the red band is horizontal , it indicates Proceed Question 131 What the steps involved in Building Construction? There are different steps involved in Building construction like, Concreting Masonry work Plastering work Flooring work Formwork Steel cutting and Bending Question 132. How do you measure the volume of concrete? The volume of concrete is calculated by Multiplying its Length, Width, and Thickness together. For Example – 1m x1m x1m = 1 m³ of volume of concrete. Question 133. Why Concrete Cover is provided to reinforcement? Concrete cover for reinforcement is required to protect the rebar against corrosion and to provide resistance against fire. Question 134. How to do check level on construction site? I will check the level on construction site by Spirit level, Dumpy Level and Leveling Pipe. Question 135. What is the accuracy of the dumpy level or minimum reading we can take? With the help of a dumpy level we can take up 5mm accurate reading or minimum reading. Question 136. How do you calculate the weight of 12m long and 10mm dia. Steel on-site? By multiplying the length of steel bar with its unit weight (unit wt of 10mm = 0.60 kg/m) Weight of steel = 0.60x 12 = 7.2 kg Question 137. Which is the equation used for calculating unit weight of steel bar? (D²/162) Question 138. What is the size of a concrete cube? 15 cm x 15 cm x 15 cm Question 139. What do you do if any concrete cube fails in 28 days compressive strength test? If the concrete cube fails in strength test, I will conduct a core cutter test on concrete and send a report to higher authorities. Question 140. What is the mix ratio for M – 20 Grade of concrete? 1: 1.5: 3 Question 141. What is the Unit weight of 12 mm Steel Bars. 0.89 kg/m Question 142. Explain what is floating slab foundation? A floating concrete foundation is a type of mat foundation that consists of the hollow mat formed by a grid of thick reinforced concrete walls between two thick reinforced concrete slabs. Question 143. What is the Density of Steel? 7850 kg/m³ Question 144. In Fe – 415 Steel Grade, 415 indicates of Steel. Tensile Strength Question 145. The height of low kerb ? A kerb is a structure used to separate pavement and median, pavement and shoulder, pavement and footpath. In low kerb height is restricted to 100mm only. Question 146. What is the Volume of 50 kg bag of cement? 0.035 m³ Question 147. What are the functions of grout inside tendon ducts? Grout in prestressing works serves the following purposes: 1. Protect the tendon against corrosion. 2. Improve the ultimate capacity of tendon. 3. Provide a bond between the structural member and the tendon. 4. In case of failure, the anchorage is not subject to all strain energy. Question 148. In Residential Building, Average Value of Stair Width? 900 mm Question 149. What is the function of shear keys in the design of retaining walls? In determining the external stability of retaining walls, failure modes like bearing failure, sliding and overturning are normally considered in design. In considering the criterion of sliding, the sliding resistance of retaining walls is derived from the base friction betweenthe wall base and the foundation soils. To increase the sliding resistance of retaining walls, other than providing a large self-weight or a large retained soil mass, shear keys are to be installed at the wall base. Question 150. he Slope of Stair Should not Exceed. 25- 40º Question 151. What are the major problems in using pumping for concreting works? In pumping operation, the force exerted by pumps must overcome the friction between concrete and the pumping pipes, the weight of concrete and the pressure head when placing concrete above the pumps. In fact, as only water is pumpable, it is the water in the concrete that transfers the pressure. The main problems associated with pumping are the effect of segregation and bleeding. To rectify these adverse effects, the proportion of cement is increased to enhance the cohesion in order to reduce segregation and bleeding. On the other hand, a proper selection of aggregate grading helps to improve the pumpability of concrete. Question 152. Minimum diameter of steel in Column. 12 mm Question 153. What are the disadvantages of curing by ponding and polythene sheets? The purpose of curing is to reduce the rate of heat loss of freshly placed concrete to the atmosphere and to minimize the temperature gradient across concrete cross section. Moreover, curing serves to reduce of the loss water from freshly placed concrete to the atmosphere. Ponding: This method of thermal curing is readily affected by weather condition (cold wind). Moreover, a large amount of water used has to be disposed off the construction sites after curing. Polythene sheet: This method of curing is based on the principle that there is no flow of air over the concrete surface and thereby no evaporation can take place on top of the freshly concreted surface by provision of polythene sheets. However, it suffers from the demerit that polythene sheets can be easily blown off in windy condition and the performance of curing would be affected. Moreover, for water lost due to self-desiccation, this method cannot replenish these losses. Question 154. Standard Size of Brick? 19 cm x 9 cm x 9 cm Question 155. What is Unit Weight of RCC? 2500 kg/ m³ Question 156. Explain what are the problems one might face while having a Cantilever balcony? Cantilever balcony are usually unsupported and extend outwards, so the problem with Cantilever balconies are • Excess deflection or bounce • Weakness of the deck structure • Rot and water damage to the interior of the house • Unevenness inside the house • Can’t use the balcony for gardening or other purposes as it is not designed to lift excess amount of weight Question 157. One Acre = Sq. ft. 43560 Sq. ft. Question 158. What is the Full Form of UTM? Universal Testing Machine Question 159. What do you understand by segregation? Segregation is defined as a process of filtering cement & sand separately from the concrete mixture. In other words, segregation is caused due to vibration between materials forming a concrete. One material being high in weight & one being less tend to be uneven while in a liquid state. The heavier material gets settled at the bottom of the concrete & lighter material moves on top. Question 160. Cement Expire After? 3 month Question 161. What is the IS code for Plain and Reinforced Concrete IS :456 Question 162. One square meter = Sq. ft? 10.76 Sq. ft Question 163. What are the standard American codes for steel and concrete ACI and AISC Question 164. What is the code of practice for General Construction in steel IS :800 Question 165. What is unit weight of 25 mm Steel Bars 3.85 kg/m Question 166 . One Hectare = _______Acres 2.47 Acres Question 167. One Gallon = Liters 3.78Liters Question 168 . Which type of cement is used is construction of massive Dam structures Low heat cement Question 169. One kilonewton is equal to kilograms 101.97 KG Question 170. For Steel structures what is permissible vertical deflection Span / 325 Question 171. One Tonne is equal to kilograms 1000 KG Question 172. Maximum Free fall of concrete allowed is ? 1.5 m Question 173. Instrument used for level work on a construction site? Dumpy Level Question 174. What is the minimum reinforcement in beams Ast/b*d = 0.85/ fy 

Question 175. What is the maximum reinforcement in beams 0.04*b*d 

Question 176. What is the minimum reinforcement in slabs 0.12 % of gross area

 Question 177. What is the minimum reinforcement in columns 0. 8% of area Question 178. What is the maximum reinforcement in columns 4% 

Question 179. Minimum Bars in Circular Column Should be_______ 6 Nos. 

Question 180. What is the Full Form of AAC? Autoclaved Aerated Concrete 

Question 181. What is the Full Form of NDT? Non – Destructive Test 

Question 182. What is the Full Form of JCB? Joseph Cyril Bamford 

 Question 183. Which Test is conducted to determine the bearing capacity of Soil? Plate Load Test Question 184. Ring and ball test is conducted on which construction material? Bitumen Question 185. Where is the section for bending considered At the face of column Question 186. What is the maximum no of steps in a flight 12 Question 187. What are various limit states of strength Flexure, Compression, shear and torsion Question 188. Minimum hook length as per IS Code? 75 mm Question 189. What is the extra length in Bent up bars? 0.45 X D Question 180. What is Least Count of Dumpy? 5mm Question 181. What is Full of EGL? Existing ground level. Question 182. A First Class Brick Should Absorb Water More than? 20 % Question 183. What are the minimum no of bars to be provided in rectangular column 4 Question 184 .What are minimum no of bars to be provided in circular column 6 Question 185. What are various losses in prestressing 1 Elastic deformation of concrete 2 Shrinkage of concrete 3 Creep of concrete 4 Relaxation of stress in steel Question 186. Vicats apparatus is used for Consistency test Question 187. Le chatliers apparatus is used for Soundness test Question 188. Number of Bricks used in 1 Cubic meter of Brickwork? 500 Nos. Question 189. The Normal Consistency of Portland Cement? 25 % Question 190. The Expansion in Portland cement is tested by… Soundness Test Question 191. What is shear center in steel beam It is point or axis through which load acts Question 192. What is Strut Struct is a compression member Question 193. What is Modular ratio It is the ratio of Modulus of elasticity of steel to Modulus of elasticity of concrete Question 194. What is the minimum diameter of bar used in column 12 Question 195. What are bearing piles Bearing piles transfer the loads to the hard strata Question 196. What are friction Piles Friction piles transfer the loads by friction between surface of pile and soil. Question 197. According to IS Code, Full Strength of Concrete is achieved after? 28 Days Question 198. What is the Volume of 1 bag of cement? 0.035 m³ Question 199. Minimum Grade of Concrete Used For RCC? M – 20 Question 200. What is the slenderness limit for column Less than 12 , it is short column More than 12 , it is Long column Question 201. What is the initial and final setting time for cement? Initial: Less than 30 min and 600 min. Question 202. Le chatliers apparatus is used for Soundness test Question 203. What Is The Force Exerted By The Tacoma Narrows Bridge? The force exerted to the Tacoma narrows bridge was initially the wind resistance. The wind resistance caused the whole bridge to act as a system with forced vibration with damping. Question 204. How Do You Calculate The Power Of A Centrifugal Pump? The input power, that is, the power required to operate the pump should be stated in Hp (horsepower) on the pump’s nameplate. It can also be calculated by the 3-phase power equation: P(in Hp) = VI(1.7c) = Rated Voltage x Rated Current x 1.73/ %Efficiency If this is a consumer grade pump that operates on 120Vac, then the equation becomes P = VI, simply multiply the operating voltage, 120 x current (which is the number followed by the letter “A”. The output power, which really is not technically power, but rated in Gpm (gallons per minute), or caPAcity should also be on the nameplate. If you have the make, model, and (not necessarily needed) the serial number (also on the nameplate) you could call the manufacturer’s customer service dept. As an application engineer, I have contacted countless manufacturers’, and service dept’s for assistance. It is now big deal to them, they will be happy to answer your questions. Question 205. Why Nautical Mile Is Different From Statute Mile? One nautical mile is defined by one latitude minute of arc (there are 60 such minutes to a degree). This equals 1852 meters, and roughly (but coincidentally) 2000 yards or 6000 feet. (Edit: actually, a standard nautical mile is 6076 feet, 6000 feet and 2000 yards are commonly used approximations, but produce an error of about 1%). The statute mile had a little fuzzier definition to start with, as one mile was the same as 1000 roman PAces/steps. The definition has since changed, but one statute mile equals about 1609 meters. Question 206. What Is Rigging? In sailing, the ropes used to move the sails around so the boat will move in the right direction when the wind blows. Question 207. What Is Absolute Pressure? Absolute pressure is simply the addition of the observed gage pressure plus the value of the local atmospheric pressure. Question 208. How Do We Calculate Absolute Pressure? Absolute is equal to gauge pressure plus atmospheric Question 209. What Is Gravity Flow? Gravity flow is fluid flowing due to the forces of gravity alone and not to an applied pressure head. In the Bernoulli equation, the pressure term is omitted, and the height and velocity terms are the only ones included. Question 210. What Is Horizon Or Horizontal Mining? Horizon or horizontal mining can be applied to extraction of material from seams of any stratified mineral such as limestone or ironstone, but it is more usually associated with coal – PArticularly where there are several seams that are inclined or folded and/or faulted. Horizon mining involves long level roadways (horizons) being driven from the shafts to the extremity of the area to be mined. The levels of the horizons are chosen to intersect the maximum number of seams the maximum number of times. As the seams are intersected, headings will be driven into the seam so that the desired material may be extracted. This method of mining requires a thorough understanding of the geological structure of the area to be mined so that the level of the horizons can be chosen for optimum results. This method of mining is popular in modern coalmines with seams worked from several horizons. The considerable capital outlay of driving horizons before production can begin is recouped by the advantage of having long straight level roadways of generous dimensions unaffected by the crushing effect of nearby extraction of the mineral. Question 211. What Is The Difference Between Engineering Stress And True Stress? In biology, Stress is something that disrupts homeostasis of an organism. In engineering, Stress is an external force that pushes, pulls, twists, or otherwise puts force on something. Engineering stress assumes that the area a force is acting upon remains constant, true stress takes into account the reduction in area caused by the force. Question 212. What Is A Kip? 1 kip = 1000 lbs. Question 213. What Are Some Structures That May Be Subjected To Fatigue? Bridges, hydraulic presses, burners trains. Question 214. Will Going From A 3-tap To 6-tap Increase Water Pressure? No, the pressure will be the same, you will get more volume only if your pumps can handle the GPM, to increase pressure you may need a booster pump or a single pump that is rated for your needs. Question 215. Why Does The Pressure Increase Under Soil? Soil pressure increases with depth due to the overburden or self-weight of the soil and due to loads imposed upon the soil. For example, the pressure variation below the depth of soil is linear and the relation is given by pressure = unit wt * depth. As depth increases, there will be a linear increase in the soil pressure. Question 216. What Is The Distance Between Railway Tracks? 4 feet, 8 1/2 inches Question 217. How High Should The Water Tank Be To Provide A 60 Psi At Base Of This Water Tower? 138.60ft 2.31ft of water= 1 PSI Question 218. What Are The Reasons For Geotechnical Site Investigations In Uganda? To know the soil properties, in so doing be in position to determine whether the PArticular site is suitable for the purpose intended To know the history of the site To know what remedies need to be put in place before construction can start Based on the soil properties, that can be determined on site and in the lab, design the appropriate foundation for the structure. Question 219. What Do You Mean By Honeycomb In Concrete? Some people call it an air pocket in the concrete or a void. Question 220. What Is The Purpose Of The Gap In The Road On This Bridge? Purpose of the gap in the road is to allow the road to exPAnd and contract with temperature changes without causing damage or deformation to the road. Question 221. What Is The Tensile Strength Of Wood? The tensile strength of a material is the value at which the material fails when subjected to a tensile force. (Tensile means a force pulling the wood fibers lengthwise, as opposed to a compressive force.) There are a lot of different types and load cases for wood, so there is not one answer to this question. For example, wood used outside will fail at a lower load than wood inside. Wood is also anisotropic, i.e. it has different strength in different directions. Example values of tensile strength vary anywhere from 175 pounds per square inch for Utility Grade pine to 1400 PSI for Dense Select Structural grade Douglas Fir. A good reference for material strength data for most species and grades of commercially available wood can be found in the American Institute of Timber Construction handbook. Question 222. How Many Lbs Are There In A Yard? A pound (Lb) is a unit of measurement for weight while a yard is a unit of measurement for distance. If you are referring to common measurements used on a construction site, a “yard” is a common abbreviation for a “cubic yard”, which is a unit of measurement of volume. (A cubic yard equals 27 cubic feet.) Since dirt weighs about 110 pounds per cubic feet, a cubic yard of dirt weighs about 2970 Lbs. Since concrete is heavier (150 PCF), a cubic yard of concrete weighs about 4050 Lbs. Question 223. What Is A Projection Line? Projection line is the way, in which the earth is shown on a flat piece of PAper. Question 224. What Are Moment Of Inertia And Its Importance In Civil Engineering? The moment of inertia measures the opposition any kind of body will have against a certain momentum (along that same axis) trying to rotate that body. Question 225. What Is The Origin Of Name Railway Sleepers? When sleepers were added below the railway, lines the trains ran more smoothly and people fell asleep on their journeys. Question 226. What Is Bmc Stands For In Bmc Software? BMC Software founders Scott Boulett, John Moores, and Dan Cloer began a contract programming PArtnership that operated in and around Houston, Texas. Question 227. Does Brick Grows Bigger Every Year. Usually bricks do not grow, but since stuff gets all over, it looks like it grows. Question 228. How Did Street Originate In The Plumbing Term Street Ell? A “street ell” may have gotten its name because it describes a 90° fitting PArticularly useful in tight, street ditches. When installing water pipes under a street, or from a water service, again under the street, into a home or business, this street ell allows one to change pipe direction with one less fitting, and in less sPAce, than with a standard ell. Question 229. What Is The Absolute Pressure Scale? Absolute pressure is calculated from a vacuum (0 PSI) and atmospheric pressure is14.7PSIa or 14.7 PSI above a vacuum 1PSI on a tire pressure gauge is called 1PSIg = 15.7PSIa 10PSIg=24.7PSIa 100PSIg=114.7PSIa etc. Question 230. What Is The Difference Between Qa And Qc? Many people and organizations are confused about the difference between quality assurance (QA), quality control (QC), and testing. They are closely related, but they are different concepts. Since all three are necessary to manage the risks of developing and maintaining software, it is important for software managers to understand the differences. They are defined below: a) Quality Assurance: A set of activities designed to ensure that the development and/or maintenance process is adequate to ensure a system will meet its objectives. b) Quality Control: A set of activities designed to evaluate a developed work product. c) Testing is the process of executing a system with the intent of finding defects. (Note that the “process of executing a system” includes test planning prior to the execution of the test cases.) Question 231. How Did The Romans Get Water Up Hills Using Aqua Ducts? Technically, the Romans were not able to get water to move uphill in a general sense. All aqueducts move water from an elevated source (spring-fed streams in the mountains) to end-users at a lower elevation. The water flows almost entirely downhill from the source to the end user. If the water needed to cross a valley, the Romans would build an arched structure with an elevated channel to cross the valley, but even this channel would have a vary slight downhill gradient that allowed water to flow towards the end user. If a large hill was in their way, the Romans would either divert the channel around the hill, dig a trench through the hill, or dig a tunnel through the hill, all while maintaining a fairly constant, slight downhill gradient towards the end user. The only exception to the rule of a generally constant downhill slope to the water channel is that specific tunnel segments, the Romans could build the tunnel as an inverted siphon (mentioned above) to cross a depression or valley and raise the water level on the downhill side almost to the level of the uphill side. To do this requires a well-sealed tunnel strong enough to withstand the increased water pressure within the siphon. Note, however, that except for gaining a little bit of elevation if you slow down fast-moving water, you normally cannot get water to flow out of the outlet at a higher elevation than the inlet. So technically, even the Romans were not able to get water to flow “up a hill”. Question 232. Will Water Damage Concrete? As far as only concrete is concerned i.e. plain concrete, the effect of water seePAge is very little (depending upon the grade of concrete) whereas for RCC (reinforced cement concrete) water that seeps in corrodes the reinforcement and thus reduces the life of the structure. The defects that water seePAge induces in concrete are as follows: a) induces capillary formation (due to the detiorating characteristics of water) b) With this capillaries the concrete starts sPAlling out; i.e. the places where capillaries are formed, with even slight amount of stress that portion comes out and exposes the steel to the atmosphere c) Concrete has a pH of about 12 -13. It also reduces the pH of the concrete when in salty water (or) when exposed to marshy areas. d) Reduces the overall strength of concrete e) Reduces durability f) Reduces permeability to further water seePAge g) Results in ageing of structures Question 233. How Do You Determine Specific Gravity Of Cement? Cement is usually purchased as a powdery substance that is mixed with sand, aggregate, gravel, and water to form concrete. Since the cement itself is usually a powder, it is hard to measure a standard value for its specific gravity. In addition, since cement is usually not used by itself, knowing its specific gravity is not PArticularly useful. A more useful question is “What is the typical density of concrete?” A rule of thumb answer is that normal cured concrete has a density of about 150 pounds per cubic foot. This includes the weight of the cement, sand, aggregate, and that PArt of the water that chemically binds with the cement to form the concrete. Since water weighs about 62.4 pounds per cubic feet, concrete is about 2.4 times as heavy. Thus, the specific gravity of concrete is about 2.4. If you took cement and mixed it with water, you would eventually have a hard lump of useless cement and it would also have a specific gravity of between 2 and 2.4. Question 234. What Is The Meaning Of A Blue Land Surveyors Flag? If the flag was placed by Utility personnel responding to a “One-call” locate request, the blue flag indicates a buried water line. You see these marked when a contractor calls the “Call before you dig number” a couple of days prior to excavating. This is required by law in each state to reduce the likelihood of damaging underground utilities when excavating. The standard color code used by almost all utility comPAnies for PAinting & flags is: White – “Here is the area I plan on excavating!” Blue – water line Red -electricity Yellow -natural gas Green -sewer Orange -telephone and/or fiber optic line If the blue flagging was a fuzzy blue marker nailed to the top of a wood surveyor’s stake, then it probably serves to indicate the top of the grade at which the engineer wants the earthmoving equipment to place fill dirt. These are called “blue-top” stakes. Question 235. What Are Advancements In Civil Engineering? Unlike other fields of engineering, the major advancement of the filed has been in the early years of the century before the last century where the use of concrete technology is advanced. The use of cement as a construction material is since the turn of the last century, improvement in the field increase by the use of steel elements in the construction of buildings and bridges of various types. With the help of two, it was possible to do multistory buildings in the world. Machineries were created to speed up the construction structures. The last century has also seen the advent of sophisticated design to withstand the effect of earthquake that was not possible before. With the use of computers, development of model and analysis of structures under the effect of loads was made possible. Before just two decades, it used to take months and months to design high-rise building and big bridges. Now it is a matter of hours Question 236. Why Is The Statue Of Liberty Made Of Copper? Copper is a very durable material when exposed to weather and is soft enough that it can be easily molded to curved shapes such as those in the Statue of Liberty. It is also traditionally used in buildings for complex roofs, so there would have been trades people available trained to use it. Other metals that can be molded are lead but it does not have the attractive verdigris color, and gold much is more expensive. Question 237. Are Cruise Ships Built For The Transatlantic Run? The Queen Mary 2 was built for transatlantic crossings, but much smaller ships can make the crossing easily. In 1995, I crossed the Atlantic from New York to the Azores on the Royal Princess (which was not the same ship as the current Royal Princess), which was about one-fourth the size of the QM2. Just about any seaworthy PAssenger ship can navigate the Atlantic safely, if not comfortably. Question 238. What Is Diversion Tunnel In A Dam? When a dam is to be built, a diversion tunnel is usually bored through solid rock next to the dam site to byPAss the dam construction site. The dam is built while the river flows through the diversion tunnel. Question 239. What Distance In Meters On The Ground Is The Equivalent Of One Second Of Arc In Longitude Or Latitude? One minute of arc as measured at the centre of the Earth covers one nautical mile on the surface of the Earth at mean sea level. One nautical mile is 6080 feet or 1853.2 meters. Therefore one second of arc would be 6080 / 60 = 101.3 feet or 30.886 meters. Lines of latitude are at regular intervals PArallel to the equator. The relationship between degrees of latitude and the distance sPAnned on the earth’s surface remains constant. Therefore at all latitudes 1 minute of latitude sPAns 1 nautical mile on the earths surface. Lines of longitude converge at the poles. Therefore, the relationship between degrees of longitude and the distance sPAnned on the earth’s surface is reduced as the poles are approached. At the equator, the distance sPAnned by 1 minute of longitude would be 1 nautical mile. At the poles, it would be zero. To calculate the actual distance on the surface of the earth between two points of known latitude and longitude requires knowledge of spherical trigonometry to calculate the great circle distance between the two points. The distances quoted are for the surface of the earth at mean sea level. Distances will be increased above sea level and reduced below it. Question 240. How Do You Maintain Water Pressure? If you have water pressure and wish to maintain it, do not cause flow in the line, which will reduce pressure due to friction. To keep pressure up, reduce friction by increasing the line size or eliminating some other restriction. Question 241. What Are Some Facts About Concrete? Actually, drying is not directly linked to hardness in concrete. After concrete is poured, putting it in a wet environment by spraying it constantly with water will hasten its hardening and its curing. After concrete cures, it is hard. Question 242. Who Designed The City Of Washington Dc? Pierre L’enfant Question 243. Where Is The Worlds Longest Elevator And How Long Is It? Gold mines in South Africa go a few kilometers below the surface. The deepest mine now is the Mponeng Mine in the Orange Free State. The depth of the mine is well over 3000m from the surface and is getting deeper. The lift itself descends 3037m to a point 1200m below sea level. It takes 4 minutes. Question 244. How Many Kilo-newtons Equals 1000 Kilogram? When the 1000 kg are at rest, on Earth with gravitational acceleration 9.81 m/s2, 1000 kg equal 9.81 kN. Question 245. How Is The Leaning Tower Of Pisa Supported? In the same manner, it was supported when it was constructed. However, it has gotten some “help” over the years. In the last couple of decades, the responsible PArties rolled up their sleeves and removed something approaching 40 meters3 of earth from under the higher side of the structure. This had the effect of straightening it toward the vertical by about a foot and a half at the top. For the first time in its history, it is no longer moving. In addition, in the good-news corner of the PAper is that it is open to the public again. In addition, the folks who lived near the tower in the direction it was leaning have returned to their homes and do not have to sleep with an eye and an ear open. Question 246. What Does Civil Engineering Mean? They do many interesting things. Their job has to do a lot with design and construction. They can tell you what works and what will not for all sorts of situations. There is a lot of mathematics involved along with many other disciplines. They have to have a good solid understanding of how the environment works and how nature interacts with man made. They are probably best known for designing bridges, interstates, skyscrapers, canals, and so forth. Question 247. How Long Does It Take Concrete To Harden? It takes 28 days to cure. Question 248. What Is The Biggest Dam In America The Grand Coulee Dam – Grand Coulee, Washington a) Length 5,223 ft b) Height 550 ft Question 249. How Does Siphoning Work? Pretty good if the outside hose is a lot lower than the inside hose. The siphon works by a hose stuck in a fluid container higher than the receiving container. Suction is shortly placed on the lower side of the hose until the fluid is flowing down the down line. Gravity will cause a continued flow. Question 250. Why Was The Empire State Building Made Of Steel? Strength–Steel is very strong Flexibility–Ability to flex in the wind Cost–Inexpensive and fast to build; prefab construction Concrete, a possible alternative, has less compressive strength than steel. The bottom support structure of the empire state building would consist of a large percentage of solid concrete simply to support the weight of the building. What do you mean by demising walls ? The demising wall is used for the border that separates your land from neighbour’s house Define flashing? Flashing is a comprehensive construction that is done to seal and protect joints in a building from water penetration. It is installed at the intersecting roofs, walls etc What is CBR test of soil? The CBR test is performed by measuring the pressure required to penetrate a soil sample with a plunger of standard area. The measured pressure is then divided by the pressure required to achieve an equal penetration on a standard crushed rock material. The harder the surface, the higher the CBR value. A First Class Brick Should Absorb Water More than? 20 % What is the range for the bearing capacity of granite? Around in between 30 to 35 kg/cm2 Explain the Critical Path Method (C.P.M)? Critical Path Method is a strategy and method which uses the symbolic diagram to represent the respective tasks and activities involved in the construction. How many lifts of soil are required for the Modified Proctor test? For each Proctor point, the operator compacts the specimen into the pre-weighed soil compaction mold assembly in three to five layers (lifts) according to the method required. What is Shading of concrete work ? The object of shading concrete work is to prevent the evaporation of water from the surface even before setting. This is adopted mainly in case of large concrete surfaces such as road slabs. This is essential in dry weather to protect the concrete from heat, direct sun rays and wind. It also protects the surface from rain. In cold weather shading helps in preserving the heat of hydration of cement thereby preventing freezing of concrete under mild frost conditions. Shading may be achieved by using canvas stretched on frames. This method has a limited application only. What is specific gravity of cement? We know that specific gravity of cement or Density of cement is ranging between 3.1-3.16g/cc by this, cement is 3.16 times heavier than water of the same volume. Excessive presence of moisture content in cement effects Workability and strength of cement. What is modified Proctor? Modified Proctor Test is used to determine the compaction of different types of soil and the properties of soil with a change in moisture content; and the relationship between Dry Density and Moisture Content. What does 95 Modified Proctor mean? 95% compaction means that in-situ soil will be compacted to 95% of the maximum dry density by means of roller of different kinds (depending on the soil characteristics). Usually we do proctor compaction test to find out the maximum dry density(MDD) and optimum moisture content (OMC) of a soil. Why CBR test is important? The purpose of doing a CBR test is to find out the California Bearing Ratio (CBR) of a material which has to be used for the subgrade of flexible pavements. … So, it is preferred not to get into the complexity of resilient modulus calculation and use CBR instead which can be easily tested on site. How many hours should CBR samples be soaked? 96 Hrs How many minutes does it take to complete temperature measurement after obtaining sample? 2 Minute In what temperature range should concrete specimen be cured as per ASTM specification ? 23 +- 2_ OC What are the IS Codes: IS 456:2000 Code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete IS 800:2007 Code of practice for general construction in steel IS 801:1975 Code of practice for use of cold formed light gauge steel structural members in general building construction IS 811:1987 Specification for cold formed light gauge structural steel sections IS 1893(Part 1):2016 Earthquake resistant design of structures IS 875(Part 1):1987 Dead loads IS 875(Part 2):1987 Live loads IS 875(Part 3):2015 Wind loads IS 875(Part 4):1987 Snow loads What are the functions of different components of a typical expansion joint? In a typical expansion joint, it normally contains the following components: joint sealant, joint filler, dowel bar, PVC dowel sleeve, bond breaker tape and cradle bent. DPM stands for : DPM is a membrane material applied to prevent dampness. It can be used for a DPC (Damp Proof Course). An example is laying a polyethylene sheet under concrete slabs. For DPC at plinth level, which grade of concrete is used ? Cement concrete is used to provide DPC at plinth level. 38-50mm thickness of M15 (1:2:4) cement concrete is provided and it serves the purpose under normal conditions. In which bond brick is laid with its length in the direction of a wall? Stretcher { Brick are laid with their end towards the face of the wall in header bond. In the Flemish bond, alternative header and stretcher are placed in each course. In the English bond, alternative header and stretcher courses are laid. 20 Interview Questions for fresher civil Engineers 2021-07-14 civilsitevisit What is Lacquer paints ? Lacquer paints are generally applied on structural steel . These are less durable as compared to enamel paints . It consist of resin and nitro-cellulose . It contain alcohol as thinner . 2.Ultimate strength to cement is provided by ? Di-calcium silicate 3.Under normal conditions using an ordinary cement, the period of removal of the form work, is : 7 days for beam soffits 14 days for bottom slabs of spans 4.6 m and more 21 days for bottom beams over 6 m spans 2 days for vertical sides of columns 4.Why is concrete weak in tension? Concrete is not a homogeneous material like steel which is strong in both tension as well as compression. It is a composite material and is obtained by mixing cementing materials, water and aggregate (and sometimes admixtures). 5.Difference between singly and doubly reinforced beams? A Singly reinforced beam holds a steel bar in the tension zone, but in doubly reinforced beams, steel bars are given in both zones, tension, and compression. In singly reinforced beam compression, stress resists by the concrete, while in doubly reinforced beam compression steel, counters the compression stress. 6.Why water tanks are still designed by working stress method? The reason behind the design of water tanks using the working stress method only are as follows; Variation of the load is not taken into account in working stress method. Working stress method is used whenever the design is more conservative. Commonly water tanks are highly vulnerable because the water level in the tank will drastically vary and there is highly continuous variation in the water pressure inside the tank. Working stress method fulfils the highest requirement factor and gives one of the traditional methods to account such type of variation. Serviceability of working stress method is more as compared to Limit state method and hence the lifespan of the structure will automatically extend. 7. Difference between one way & Two way slabs? The one–way slab is supported by a beam on two opposite side only. The two–way slab is supported by the beam on all four sides. In one–way slab, the load is carried in one direction perpendicular to the supporting beam. In two–way slab, the load is carried in both directions. 8.Weight of Steel bar per metre length? If we put 1 meter length for each diameter of steel bar in the formula then we will get the unit weight. 6 mm ø bar = 6² x 1/162 = 0.222 kg/m. 8 mm ø bar = 8² x 1/162 = 0.395 kg/m. 10mm ø bar = 10² x 1/162 = 0.617 kg/m. 12mm ø bar = 12² x 1/162 = 0.888 kg/m. 16mm ø bar = 16² x 1/162 = 1.580 kg/m. 9.Weight of 1 cum RCC? Weight of 1 cubic meter of concrete:- 1 cubic metre of concrete weight around 2.5 metric ton (2500kgs), typically 1m3 of concrete is made up of about 350kg (7bags) cement, 700 kg sand, 1200kg aggregate, about 150 litres of water and 100kg of steel embedded in it as per design structure in case reinforced cement 10.Why PCC is provided under RCC ? The main reason of providing PCC is to provide a rigid impervious bed to RCC in the foundation before starting any RCC or masonry work directly on the excavated soil, PCC is done to form a leveled surface and to avoid laying concrete on soil directly so as to avoid mixing with soil and also to prevent soil extracting 11.why main reinforcement is provided on top in case of Cantilever beam? For cantilever beams the tension zone lies in the upper section and hence the reinforcement bars are provided in top section.. For cantilever beams the tension zone lies in the upper section and hence the reinforcement bars are provided in top section. 12.Difference between effective span & clear span? In simple words, the centre to centre distance between two supports is called effective span. The distance between two supports is called clear span. 13.what factors of safety is used in RCC & Steel? & Why? 1.Concrete – for concrete FOS is 1.5 . Concrete is not a homogeneous material, we mix cement,sand,water,aggregates , admixtures to make a concrete; these different materials has different strength and most importantly they won’t be arranged in a same way like honeycomb structure or any symmetrical pattern. So to consider all these effects we use factor of safety. If we consider M20 concrete, for design purpose we take 20/1.5 = 67% of 20 as strength of concrete. 2.Steel: FOS is 1.15 , lesser than that of concrete. Yes, because concrete is made up at site mostly while still is manufactured in factory. Above mentioned are material FOS. In limit state method we also apply load FOS. That is, we consider 1.5 times of total load on the structure for design purpose. 14.What are functions of main and distribution reinforcement in Slab? Primary reinforcement (Main Steel) refers to the steel which is employed to guarantee the resistance needed by the structure as a whole to support the design loads. Secondary reinforcement(Distribution Steel), also known as distribution or thermal reinforcement, is employed for durability and aesthetic reasons, by providing enough localised resistance to limit cracking and resist stresses caused by effects such as temperature changes and shrinkage. 15.What is the difference between development length and anchorage length? Development Length is the length of the bar that is surrounded by the concrete beyond any section in an RCC beam, which would be capable enough to resist the applied pulling force. Now this Length is a must requirement in an RCC member because if that length is not available then the reinforcement steel wouldn’t be able to resist the pull and it will come out which will lead to failure. Specifically in bottom zone, where there is a tensile force acting on the bottom reinforcement , it becomes an important check in the design of an RCC beam. As per code, IS 456:2000, required Development Length Ld should be less than or equal to 1.3M1/V +Lo . Where, M1 = Moment of resistance of steel bars at the considered section Lo = Sum of embedded Length beyond the center of support and equivalent bed length of mechanical Anchorage. V= Vertical Shear force at the section. Here comes our term Anchorage Length. If you simply go by the meaning of the word, it is definitely related to some stopping type mechanism and it is the simplest interpretation of the word. Anchorage Length is the equivalent length of the reinforcement bar which is considered to be available when a straight bar is bent through some angle. Ofcourse, it’s now of no doubt that it is provided only at the support. If I go by mathematical explanation then suppose, if at any section you need a development length required as Ld =60cm (say) , and based on the above equation, the length of bar available from the centre of the support to the section is 48 cm(say). Now yo need 12cm of reinforcement more to satisfy the Ld requirement. At this time, now if you just bent the bar 90° upward, then because of bending an additional amount of 8xDiameter of bar got provided. Now you need only an extra length of 12–8xDiameter of Reinforcement, to meet the Ld requirement. Further it is to be noted that Lo has max value of 12xDiameter of bar. So bending and extesnion of bar beyond the center of support to satisfy the Ld requirement has to be in limitations to that. 16.Briefly explain the functions of shear reinforcement.why minimum shear reinforcement is provided for beams? How can we resist the shear failure? Imagine this scenario that a cloth is being torn. How do we make cloth normal again? By stitching! We do the same to concrete when it is tearing. Since shear can start at any point and propagate placing stirrup at one point is not a solution. We need to place reinforcement at all locations so that (more near supports) so that we can arrest shear failure. HYSD bars have ribs which tightly bonds with concrete as a stitch so that the crack won’t propagate. This rebar is called stirrup. Equations to design shear: Vus=0.87fyAsvdsvVus=0.87fyAsvdsv This is the equation used to calculate spacing svsv for a vertical stirrup. Minimum shear equation: Asvsv=0.40.87fyAsvsv=0.40.87fy Here fyfy is yield strength of reinforcement bar and not of longitudinal bar. Minimum shear is provided to ensure sudden shear collapse which is brittle in nature. 17.How much quantity of steel required for 1m3 concrete ? Thumb Rule for Steel in Kg/m3 1) thumb rule for steel in rcc slab is 80 kg/cubic meter of wet volume of concrete 2) thumb rule for steel in beam is 120 kg/cubic meter of wet volume of concrete 3) thumb rule for steel in column is 160 kg/cubic meter of wet volume of concrete 4) thumb rule for steel in footing is 40 kg/cubic meter of wet volume of concrete 5) thumb rule for steel in rcc structure is 100- 120 kg/cubic meter of all calculated wet volume of concrete. 6) thumb rule for steel in rcc structure is 3.5 Kg to 4 kg/ sq ft of built up area. 18.The minimum thickness of load bearing RCC wall is: minimum thickness of load bearing RCC wall should be 100 mm to prevent failure. 19.What should be the slump value of slab, column, and beams? Columns and beams are congested and hence need more flow 120mm+/-20mm slump should be enough. Slabs could have less flow and hence 100mm+/-20mm slump should be enough. 20.What does a setback line mean? In land use, a setback is the minimum distance which a building or other structure must be set back from a street or road, a river or other stream, a shore or flood plain, or any other place which is deemed to need protection. In some cases, building ahead of a setback line may be permitted through special approval Q1. What is the working principle of surveying? Answer: The fundamental principle of surveying is to work from the whole to the part. Q2. What is the Maximum and Minimum limitation of water for Self Compacting Concrete? Answer: As per IS 10262: 2019 Clause-8.3 (b), the Maximum and Minimum limitation of water for Self Compacting Concrete is from 150 to 210 kg/m3 Q3. What is the maximum quantity of cement we can use per cubic meter of concrete? Answer: As per IS 456: 2000 [Clause – 8.2.4.2], the maximum quantity of cement we can use per cubic meter of concrete is 450 kg. Cement content not including fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag in excess of 450 kg/m3 should not be used unless special consideration has been given in the design to the increased risk of cracking due to drying shrinkage in thin sections, or to early thermal cracking and to the increased risk of damage due to alkali-silica reactions. Q4. Name the Plasticizers used for Self Compacting Concrete? Answer: As per IS 10262: 2019 Clause-8.3 (c), Poly Carboxylate Ethers (PCE) is an admixture that is used as Plasticizers (Water reducing admixture) to reduce water in Self Compacting Concrete (SCC). Q5. What is the limitation of height difference for the pouring of Concrete for the RCC column? Answer: The limitation of the height difference for the pouring of Concrete for the RCC column is 500 mm. Q6. What are the main features of Fresh Self Compacting Concrete? Answer: As per IS 10262: 2019 Clause-7.2, A concrete mix can only be classified as self-compacting concrete, if the requirements for all below-mentioned characteristics are fulfilled: a) Filling ability (Flowability), b) Passing ability, c) Segregation resistance, and d) Viscosity The above tests shall be carried out as per IS 1199 (Part 6). Q7. What is the meaning of Bored Cast in Situ? Answer: Bored cast-in-situ pile is formed within the ground by excavating or boring a hole within it, with or without the aid of a temporary casing (to keep the hole stabilized) and subsequently filling it with plain or reinforced concrete. These piles are particularly applicable in certain subsoil conditions where penetration to a pre-determined depth is essential. Q8. What is the minimum quantity of cement required for M25 grade of concrete for Moderate condition? Answer: As per IS 456: 2000 [Table-5], the minimum quantity of cement required for M25 grade of concrete for Moderate condition is 300 kg/m3 Q9. What is the Coarse aggregate size preferable for Self Compacting Concrete? Answer: The Coarse aggregate size preferable for Self Compacting Concrete is 10 mm to 12mm. Q10. What is the density of fire bricks? Answer: The density of fire bricks is 2400 kg/m3 Q11. Which grade of concrete termed as Nominal Mix Design? Answer: As per IS 456: 2000 [Clause – 9.3], Nominal Mix Concrete may be used for concrete of M20 or Lower. Q12. What is the maximum percentage dosage of retarder we can use? Answer: As per IS 456: 2000 [Clause – 10.3.3], the maximum percentage dosage of retarder we can use is 0.5 percent by weight of cementitious materials. Q13. What is the allowable tolerance for Concrete Cover size? Answer: As per IS 456: 2000 [Clause – 12.3.2], the Actual concrete cover should not deviate from the required nominal cover by +10 mm and -0 mm. Q14. What is the minimum curing period required when we use blended cement in construction? Answer: As per IS 456: 2000 [Clause – 13.5.1], the minimum curing period required when we use mineral admixtures or blended cement in construction is 10 days. Q15. What is the desirable size of Fines for Self Compacting Concrete? Answer: As per IS 10262: 2019 Clause-8.3 (a), the desirable size of Fines for Self Compacting Concrete is 0.125 mm or 125 Micron. Q16. What is the minimum curing period for Mineral and Admixture added Cement? Answer: The minimum curing period for Mineral and Admixture added Cement is 14 days. Q17. What is the Slump value for Pumped concrete? Answer: As per IS 456: 2000 [Clause – 7.1], the Slump value for Pumped concrete is (75 – 100) mm. Q18. How much water reduction is possible with Polu Carboxylate Ethers (PCE)? Answer: As per IS 10262: 2019 Clause-8.3 (c), Use of high range water reducing admixture like polycarboxylate ether-based high range water reducing admixture (water reduction > 30 percent) and sometimes also using a viscosity modifying admixture (VMA) in appropriate dosages. Q19. What is the maximum percentage dosage of plasticizers we can use? Answer: As per IS 456: 2000 [Clause – 10.3.3], the maximum percentage dosage of plasticizers we can use is 1.0 percent by weight of cementitious materials. Q20. What is the amount of Fines preferable for Self Compacting Concrete? Answer: As per IS 10262: 2019 Clause-8.3 (a), Sufficient amount of fines (< 0.125 mm) preferably in the range of 400 kg/m3 to 600 kg/m3, inclusive of suitable quantities of fine aggregate and mineral admixtures like fly ash in suitable proportions, may be used for flowability while ensuring compliance with engineering properties particularly shrinkage